DevelopSpace - User contributions [en]

Concrete Production and Construction

2015-08-20T01:51:35Z

Blarson: /* =Magnesium Oxide */

A type of cement called Magnesium Oxychloride cement has shown promise for construction on Mars. It is much stronger than Portland cement, it is impermeable and unlike Portland cement, it can cure in the atmospheric conditions found on Mars.

=Characteristics=

Magnesium oxychloride cement (MOS), also called Sorel cement, is a type of hydraulic cement made from a mixture of reactive magnesium oxide, magnesium chloride and water. It was discovered by French civil engineer Stanislas Sorel in 1867 and has had limited application in grindstones, tiles and billiard balls. It has not been used in structural applications due to poor water resistance.

==Chemical properties==

MOS is a mixture of magnesium oxide, magnesium chloride and water in a stoichiometric ratio of 5:1:13, although this can be varied according to the application and temperature. The mixture forms microscopic needle like crystals in different phases depending on the temperature, with the phase being denoted by the ratio of magnesium to magnesium chloride. At temperatures below 10C, phase 3 dominates, while phase 5 dominates at higher temperatures. Below 10C, it will not normally solidify and will form crystals in suspension ''(why?)''.

==Physical properties==

MOC without aggregate has shown compressive strength approaching 20000 PSI.

=Production=

==Raw Materials==

===Magnesium Chloride and Sulfate===

Magnesium Sulfate has been directly detected on Mars and could be easily extracted from soil or salt deposits.

The magnesium Chloride could be extracted from some of the salt deposits that have been detected on Mars by processes similar to those used on Earth.

===Magnesium Oxide===

The reactive magnesium oxide can be produced from several sources. brucite (magnesium hydroxide) or magnesite (magnesium carbonate) can be heated and broken down to magnesium oxide directly with either water or carbon dioxide as a by-product. It can also be produced by pyrohydrolysis of magnesium chloride, with hydrochloric acid as a by-product.

==Processing==

===Magnesium Chloride and Sulfate===

These salts can be separated from saline deposits by simple evaporative processes requiring little energy input, as commonly done here on Earth.

===Magnesium Oxide===

Depending on the raw materials available, a variety of options are available for producing the reactive magnesium oxide. With brucite and magnesite, direct calcination (thermal decomposition) will work. Using magnesium chloride, some form of hydrolysis is needed to convert it to magnesium oxide.

Using brucite, heating to 300C will produce reactive magnesium oxide with water as a by-product. This can be accomplished by a simple solar concentrator or eklectric heating, depending on power generating options available. This temperature is low enough that waste heat could be used from other processes.

With magnesite as a raw material, heating to around 600C will produce magnesium oxide with carbon dioxide as a by-product. This requires much greater energy input than with brucite, and the higher temperature precludes the use of most waste heat. Using brucite or magnesite would require finding high grade deposits, as well as a great deal of quarrying and preprocessing.

Magnesium oxide can also be produced from magnesium chloride through some variation of the Aman process, in which brine is fed into a spray roaster and hydrolyzed to magnesium oxide at around 600C. The energy input is much greater than the two previous processes due to heating a great deal of water, but logistically it would be much simpler. It requires only one raw material for both major components of the cement, and handling of the raw materials could potentially be much simpler.

If large quantities of alkali salts are found, the magnesium hydroxide could be precipitated out of a magnesium chloride solution and calcined with a fairly low energy input as described previously. Adding an alkali salt raises the pH of the solution, causing hydroxide ions to bind with magnesium ions to form insoluble magnesium hydroxide.

Concrete Production and Construction

2015-08-20T01:51:21Z

Blarson:

A type of cement called Magnesium Oxychloride cement has shown promise for construction on Mars. It is much stronger than Portland cement, it is impermeable and unlike Portland cement, it can cure in the atmospheric conditions found on Mars.

=Characteristics=

Magnesium oxychloride cement (MOS), also called Sorel cement, is a type of hydraulic cement made from a mixture of reactive magnesium oxide, magnesium chloride and water. It was discovered by French civil engineer Stanislas Sorel in 1867 and has had limited application in grindstones, tiles and billiard balls. It has not been used in structural applications due to poor water resistance.

==Chemical properties==

MOS is a mixture of magnesium oxide, magnesium chloride and water in a stoichiometric ratio of 5:1:13, although this can be varied according to the application and temperature. The mixture forms microscopic needle like crystals in different phases depending on the temperature, with the phase being denoted by the ratio of magnesium to magnesium chloride. At temperatures below 10C, phase 3 dominates, while phase 5 dominates at higher temperatures. Below 10C, it will not normally solidify and will form crystals in suspension ''(why?)''.

==Physical properties==

MOC without aggregate has shown compressive strength approaching 20000 PSI.

=Production=

==Raw Materials==

===Magnesium Chloride and Sulfate===

Magnesium Sulfate has been directly detected on Mars and could be easily extracted from soil or salt deposits.

The magnesium Chloride could be extracted from some of the salt deposits that have been detected on Mars by processes similar to those used on Earth.

===Magnesium Oxide==

The reactive magnesium oxide can be produced from several sources. brucite (magnesium hydroxide) or magnesite (magnesium carbonate) can be heated and broken down to magnesium oxide directly with either water or carbon dioxide as a by-product. It can also be produced by pyrohydrolysis of magnesium chloride, with hydrochloric acid as a by-product.

==Processing==

===Magnesium Chloride and Sulfate===

These salts can be separated from saline deposits by simple evaporative processes requiring little energy input, as commonly done here on Earth.

===Magnesium Oxide===

Depending on the raw materials available, a variety of options are available for producing the reactive magnesium oxide. With brucite and magnesite, direct calcination (thermal decomposition) will work. Using magnesium chloride, some form of hydrolysis is needed to convert it to magnesium oxide.

Using brucite, heating to 300C will produce reactive magnesium oxide with water as a by-product. This can be accomplished by a simple solar concentrator or eklectric heating, depending on power generating options available. This temperature is low enough that waste heat could be used from other processes.

With magnesite as a raw material, heating to around 600C will produce magnesium oxide with carbon dioxide as a by-product. This requires much greater energy input than with brucite, and the higher temperature precludes the use of most waste heat. Using brucite or magnesite would require finding high grade deposits, as well as a great deal of quarrying and preprocessing.

Magnesium oxide can also be produced from magnesium chloride through some variation of the Aman process, in which brine is fed into a spray roaster and hydrolyzed to magnesium oxide at around 600C. The energy input is much greater than the two previous processes due to heating a great deal of water, but logistically it would be much simpler. It requires only one raw material for both major components of the cement, and handling of the raw materials could potentially be much simpler.

If large quantities of alkali salts are found, the magnesium hydroxide could be precipitated out of a magnesium chloride solution and calcined with a fairly low energy input as described previously. Adding an alkali salt raises the pH of the solution, causing hydroxide ions to bind with magnesium ions to form insoluble magnesium hydroxide.

Concrete Production and Construction

2015-08-20T00:51:03Z

Blarson:

Concrete Production and Construction

2014-10-17T21:34:28Z

Blarson: Created page with 'A type of cement called Magnesium Oxychloride cement has shown promise for construction on Mars. It is much stronger than Portland cement, it isimpermeable and unlike Portland ce…'

Projects

2014-10-17T19:54:04Z

Blarson: /* Current Projects */

[[Category:Projects]]

This page lists projects and groups hosted by DevelopSpace. DevelopSpace intends to host projects and groups that are relevant to DevelopSpace's mission of building up the technical foundations for human space activities. Projects/groups do not need to be created or operated by DevelopSpace in order to be hosted here -- if you would like additional information on hosting your project with DevelopSpace, please email [mailto:info@developspace.net info@developspace.net].

=Project Listing=

==Current Projects==

*[[Minimalist Human Mars Mission]]. Project aims to design a near-term feasible human Mars mission based on the concept of sending humans one way to Mars (possibly with an initial emergency return capability). This initial Mars outpost could also be the nucleus of an initial Mars colony. Includes reference data, system analysis, and investigation of design options. Also known as the [[MinMars]] project.

*[[Mars Solar Power]]. Project to investigate the feasibility of solar power on the surface of Mars for either as the sole primary power source or in conjunction with other power source (e.g., nuclear reactors). Note that this is related to the activities of the [[MinMars]] project, although is intended to stand alone as well in that it need not be tied to the particular mission architecture.

*[[Reference Library]]. The DevelopSpace reference library catalogs relevant information for space systems development. The library will be expanded over time with the aim towards providing a comprehensive set of information for the technical aspects of space activities.

*[[Open Source Engineering Tools]]. This is a DevelopSpace project to aid the space systems development by providing access to relevant, open source engineering software tools, using input provided by both DevelopSpace contributors and the wider space engineering community. We aim to both provide information on existing tools and identify areas in which new tools would be of use so as to encourage the development of such tools.

*[[Mars Surface|Mars Surface System Development]]. This project is intended to develop capabilities needed for human activities on the surface of Mars, including as related to sustaining life, expanding available infrastructure, and supporting transportation systems. In practice, this is envisioned as being achieved through various affiliated (in some cases loosely, in others more strongly) projects working in detail on specific technologies or systems.

*[[Concrete Production and Construction]]. A type of cement called Magnesium Oxychloride Cement (MOC) has shown promise in aplications on Mars and can possibly be produced locally with minimal equipment and energy input. This project will cover production processes and construction methods.

==Archived Projects==

The following projects were at one time active on DevelopSpace, but have since been completed, gone dormant, or moved their online activities elsewhere. We keep the list around as some items still may be useful as references.

*[[Interplanetary Transfer Vehicle]]. This project presents design concepts for interplanetary transfer vehicles that could be used to carry out deep space missions envisioned by the “Flexible Path” scenario described in the final report of the Augustine Commission. These include missions to lunar orbit, libration points, Geostationary Orbit (GEO), Near Earth Objects (NEOs), as well as a lunar flyby. The focus of the analysis presented here is on interplanetary transfer vehicle concepts which can be realized in the near-term, i.e. by the end of the 2010s or the beginning of the 2020s. The selection of preferred interplanetary transfer vehicle designs is based on a comprehensive integrated performance analysis of mission types and propulsive capabilities.

*[[MIT_SSAG|MIT Space Systems Architecture Group]]. This was a page for a research group in the MIT Department of Aeronautics and Astronautics, focusing on human space exploration architecture.

*[[MIT Rocket Team]]. A hosted set of pages for a student group at MIT devoted to getting students involved with projects related to rocketry (chiefly focused on liquid fuel propulsion). The team is still active, with their current activities described at http://rocketry.mit.edu/

Subsystem Technology and Design Library

2014-07-24T22:46:51Z

Blarson: /* Beamed power propulsion */

=General References=

*[http://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/casi.ntrs.nasa.gov/19650015024_1965015024.pdf Spacecraft systems, NASA-SP-65 (PDF)] [Abraham, 1965] Spacecraft systems, aerodynamics, power plants, loads, and propellant tank design

* [http://www.spacearium.com/staticpages/index.php?page=SP8000 NASA Space Vehicle Design Criteria, SP-8000] Good introductory references for spacecraft subsystem and mission design; may be somewhat outdated with regard to specific technologies due to publication dates (1960s and 1970s)

*[http://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/casi.ntrs.nasa.gov/19650015025_1965015025.pdf Spacecraft mechanical engineering, NASA-SP-66 (PDF)] [Adams, 1965]

=Structures and Materials=

*[http://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/casi.ntrs.nasa.gov/19630001644_1963001644.pdf STRUCTURES FOR SPACE OPERATIONS, NASA-SP-28 (PDF)] [Anderson, Brooks, Leonard, Mathauser, Runyan, 1962]

*[http://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/casi.ntrs.nasa.gov/19630001643_1963001643.pdf MATERIALS FOR SPACE EXPLORATION, NASA-SP-27 (PDF)] [Davis, Kemp, Pezdirtz, Probst, Roberts, 1962]

*[http://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/casi.ntrs.nasa.gov/19670029162_1967029162.pdf Structural design concepts, NASA-SP-5039 (PDF)] [Scipio, 1967] Structural design, reinforced and composite materials, and their applications

*[http://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/casi.ntrs.nasa.gov/20070031872_2007031894.pdf Lunar Lander Structural Design Studies at NASA Langley, AIAA Space 2007 conference paper (PDF)] [Wu, Chauncey, et al., 2006]

==Inflatable Habitat Structures==

*[http://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/casi.ntrs.nasa.gov/20050182969_2005179269.pdf Inflatable Habitats Technology Development (PDF)] [Kriss Kennedy, NASA-JSC, August 2000]

*[http://ocw.mit.edu/NR/rdonlyres/Aeronautics-and-Astronautics/16-891JSpace-Policy-SeminarSpring2003/5CEC73DA-6CAD-4FAD-95A9-8BC088239916/0/fender.pdf ISS Inflatable Habitat Overview, NASA (PDF)]

=Mechanisms=

*[http://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/casi.ntrs.nasa.gov/19720005742_1972005742.pdf Fifth Aerospace Mechanisms Symposium, NASA-SP-282 (PDF)] [GSFC, 1970] Conference proceedings on structural design principles and mechanical engineering methods for aerospace mechanisms used in orbital and space flights

=Rocket and Spacecraft Propulsion=

==Chemical Propulsion==

*[http://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/casi.ntrs.nasa.gov/19630001635_1963001635.pdf Rocket Propulsion, NASA-SP-19 (PDF)] [Ball et. al., 1962]

*[http://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/casi.ntrs.nasa.gov/19710019929_1971019929.pdf Design of liquid propellant rocket engines, NASA-SP-125 (PDF)] [Huang, Huzel, 1971] Excellent design-oriented introduction to liquid propellant rocket engine design, foreword by Wernher v. Braun

*[http://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/casi.ntrs.nasa.gov/19720026079_1972026079.pdf Liquid rocket propellant combustion instability, NASA-SP-194 (PDF)] [Harrje, Reardon (editors), 1971]

*[http://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/casi.ntrs.nasa.gov/19760015212_1976015212.pdf Pressurization systems for liquid rockets, NASA-SP-8112 (PDF)] [NASA, 1975]

*[http://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/casi.ntrs.nasa.gov/19940012023_1994012023.pdf Lunar lander and return propulsion system trade study, NASA-TP-3388 (PDF)] [Hurlbert at al., NASA-JSC, August 1993]

*[http://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/casi.ntrs.nasa.gov/20070001135_2007000449.pdf Settled Cryogenic Propellant Transfer, NASA TM-2006-214411] [November 2006]

==Advanced Propulsion==

===General Electric Propulsion===

*[http://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/casi.ntrs.nasa.gov/19630001638_1963001638.pdf Electric Propulsion for Spacecraft, NASA-SP-22 (PDF)] [Callaghan, 1962]

===General Nuclear Propulsion===

*[http://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/casi.ntrs.nasa.gov/19630001636_1963001636.pdf Nuclear Rocket Propulsion, NASA-SP-20 (PDF)] [Bogart et al., 1962]

*[http://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/casi.ntrs.nasa.gov/19930017719_1993017719.pdf Nuclear Propulsion Technical Interchange Meeting, Volume 1, NASA Conference Publication 10116] [1992]

*[http://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/casi.ntrs.nasa.gov/19930017762_1993017762.pdf Nuclear Propulsion Technical Interchange Meeting, Volume 2, NASA Conference Publication 10116] [1993]

===Nuclear Thermal Propulsion===

*[http://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/casi.ntrs.nasa.gov/19640019875_1964019875.pdf Introduction to nuclear propulsion - reactor thermal design, NAS8-5215] [1963]

*[http://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/casi.ntrs.nasa.gov/19890001573_1989001573.pdf Nuclear propulsion: A vital technology for the exploration of Mars and the planets beyond, NASA-TM-101354] [1988]

*[http://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/casi.ntrs.nasa.gov/19920001908_1992001908.pdf Analytical study of nozzle performance for nuclear thermal rockets, NASA-TM-105251 / AIAA-91-3578] [1991]

*[http://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/casi.ntrs.nasa.gov/19940017387_1994017387.pdf Performance assessment of low pressure nuclear thermal propulsion, NASA-TM-108433] [1993]

*[http://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/casi.ntrs.nasa.gov/19960001947_1996101947.pdf Nuclear Thermal Rocket vehicle design options for future NASA missions to the Moon and Mars, NASA-TM-107071 / AIAA-93-4170] [1995]

*[http://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/casi.ntrs.nasa.gov/19960002346_1996102346.pdf Human exploration and settlement of the Moon using LUNOX-augmented NTR propulsion, NASA-TM-107093] [1995]

*[http://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/casi.ntrs.nasa.gov/19990019002_1999011475.pdf Vehicle and Mission Design Options for the Human Exploration of Mars Phobos Using 'Bimodal' NTR and LANTR Propulsion, NASA/TM-1998-208834] [1998]

*[http://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/casi.ntrs.nasa.gov/20020022207_2002002907.pdf '2001 A Space Odyssey' Revisited The Feasibility of 24 Hour Commuter Flights to the Moon Using NTR Propulsion with LUNOX Afterburners, NASA/TM-1998-208830/Rev1] [2001]

*[http://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/casi.ntrs.nasa.gov/20060004766_2006003656.pdf Fabrication of High Temperature Cermet Materials for Nuclear Thermal Propulsion] [MSFC 2005]

*[http://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/casi.ntrs.nasa.gov/20060004773_2006003654.pdf SOLID SOLUTION CARBIDES ARE THE KEY FUELS FOR FUTURE NUCLEAR THERMAL PROPULSION] [MSFC 2005]

===Nuclear Electric Propulsion (NEP)===

*[http://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/casi.ntrs.nasa.gov/19920006801_1992006801.pdf Nuclear electric propulsion: An integral part of NASA's nuclear propulsion project, NASA-TM-105309] [1992]

*[http://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/casi.ntrs.nasa.gov/19940024330_1994024330.pdf Nuclear electric propulsion: A better, safer, cheaper transportation system for human exploration of Mars, NASA-TM-106406] [1994]

*[http://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/casi.ntrs.nasa.gov/20010109423_2001181426.pdf Prospects for Nuclear Electric Propulsion Using Closed-Cycle Magnetohydrodynamic Energy Conversion, NASA-TP-2001-211274] [2001]

===Solar Electric Propulsion===

*[http://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/casi.ntrs.nasa.gov/20070018819_2007018786.pdf Application of Solar-Electric Propulsion to Robotic Missions in Near-Earth Space] [Woodcock, Gordon R.; Dankanich, John, NASA MSFC, 2007]

*[http://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/casi.ntrs.nasa.gov/20060054118_2006256318.pdf High-Power Hall Thruster Designed for Exploration Applications] [Jacobson, David T., NASA GRC 2006]

*[http://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/casi.ntrs.nasa.gov/20060048184_2006249866.pdf Application of Solar-Electric Propulsion to Robotic and Human Missions in Near-Earth Space] [Woodcock, Gordon, NASA MSFC 2006]

*[http://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/casi.ntrs.nasa.gov/19930013804_1993013804.pdf Space transfer concepts and analysis for exploration missions. Implementation plan and element description document (draft final). Volume 4: Solar electric propulsion vehicle] [NASA, 1991]

*[http://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/casi.ntrs.nasa.gov/20090014765_2009013896.pdf Solar Electric Propulsion] [LaPointe, Michael, NASA MSFC 2006]

===Nuclear Pulse Propulsion===

Nuclear pulse propulsion as a means of achieving very high specific impulses (several thousand s) and high thrust at the same time was explored extensively during the 1950s and 1960s as part of Project Orion in the United States. Potential applications of nuclear pulse propulsion systems included human exploration of all parts of the solar system.

The following book by George Dyson (son of Freeman Dyson, one of the developers of Project Orion) provides an overview of Project Orion in its historical context:

*[http://www.amazon.com/Project-Orion-Story-Atomic-Spaceship/dp/0805072845/ref=sr_1_1?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1260107962&sr=8-1 Project Orion - The True Story of the Atomic Spaceship] [George Dyson, Henry Holt and Company, New York, 2002, ISBN: 0-80507284-5]

The following documents provide an overview of the technical capabilities of nuclear pulse propulsion systems:

*[http://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/casi.ntrs.nasa.gov/19760065935_1976065935.pdf Nuclear pulse vehicle study, NASA-CR-67367 (PDF)] [1965] Summary report, good overview

*[http://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/casi.ntrs.nasa.gov/19770085619_1977085619.pdf Nuclear pulse space vehicle study. Volume 3: Conceptual vehicle designs and operational systems, NASA-CR-60653 (PDF)] [Shipps, P. R., Sep 19, 1964]

*[http://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/casi.ntrs.nasa.gov/19660072847_1966072847.pdf Nuclear pulse space vehicle study. Volume IV - Mission velocity requirements and system comparisons, NASA-CR-74389 (PDF)] [Ehricke, K. A., et al., Feb 28, 1966]

===Variable Specific Impulse Magnetoplasma Rocket (VASIMIR)===

*[http://www.adastrarocket.com/SciAm2000.pdf The VASIMIR Rocket] [Chang-Diaz FR, November 2009] Overview of the VASIMIR concept

*[http://ston.jsc.nasa.gov/collections/TRS/_techrep/TP-1995-3539.pdf Rapid Mars Transits with Exhaust-Modulated Plasma Propulsion, NASA TP-1995-3539 (PDF)] [Chang-Diaz FR, Hsu MM, March 1995]

===Solar Sailing===

*[http://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/casi.ntrs.nasa.gov/20030093608_2003101292.pdf The Physics of Solar Sails, NAG8-1859] [2002]

==Conceptual Future Propulsion==

===Fusion and Antimatter Propulsion===

*[http://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/casi.ntrs.nasa.gov/20050160960_2005161052.pdf Realizing "2001: A Space Odyssey": Piloted Spherical Torus Nuclear Fusion Propulsion] [Williams, Craig H.; Dudzinski, Leonard A.; Borowski, Stanley K.; Juhasz, Albert J., NASA GRC 2005]

*[http://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/casi.ntrs.nasa.gov/19960020441_1996043322.pdf Comparison of Fusion Antiproton Propulsion Systems for Interplanetary Travel, NASA-TM-107030 / AIAA-87-1814] [1987]

*[http://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/casi.ntrs.nasa.gov/20030062058_2003069843.pdf Antimatter Driven P-B11 Fusion Propulsion System][Kammash, Terry; Martin, James; Godfroy, Thomas, NASA MSFC 2002]

*[http://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/casi.ntrs.nasa.gov/20010043645_2001056949.pdf Some Interplanetary Missions Using IEC Fusion Propulsion] [Hanson, John M., NASA MSFC 2001]

*[http://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/casi.ntrs.nasa.gov/20020016725_2002010166.pdf A Summary of the NASA Fusion Propulsion Workshop 2000] [Thio, Y. C. Francis; Turchi, Peter J.; Santarius, John F., NASA MSFC 2001]

===Beamed power propulsion===

*[http://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/casi.ntrs.nasa.gov/19930007728_1993007728.pdf Beamed energy propulsion] [Shoji, James M., NASA 1991]

*[http://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/casi.ntrs.nasa.gov/20080013338_2008012752.pdf An Exploration Perspective of Beamed Energy Propulsion] [Cole, John W. , NASA MSFC 2007]

*[http://trs-new.jpl.nasa.gov/dspace/bitstream/2014/34883/1/93-0307.pdf A Demonstration Plan For Laser-Beamed Power] [Abraham, Douglas S.; Anspaugh, Bruce E.; Nesmith, Bill J.; Penzo, Paul A.; Smith, Jeffery H., NASA JPL 1993]

===Space Elevator===

While not a form of rocket propulsion, the space elevator can still be classified as a means of propelling payloads into an orbit (in particular into geostationary orbit). The following is a selection of important references concerning space elevator design feasibility, economics, and operational risks:

*[http://www.islandone.org/LEOBiblio/CLARK1.HTM THE SPACE ELEVATOR: 'THOUGHT EXPERIMENT', OR KEY TO THE UNIVERSE?] [Arthur C. Clarke 1981] Sir Arthur C. Clarke's IAC paper providing an overview of the space elevator concept, its promise, and associated challenges

*[http://www.physics.princeton.edu/~mcdonald/examples/mechanics/edwards_space_elevator.pdf Space elevator overview (PDF)] [Edwards]

*[http://chaos.swarthmore.edu/courses/PDG07/AJP/AJP000125.pdf The physics of the space elevator (PDF)] [Aravind 2006] Derivation of basic equations for space elevator cable length, stress, and tapering ratio

*[http://spaceelevatorwiki.com/wiki/images/6/6d/ActaAstropreprint.pdf Design and deployment of a space elevator (PDF)] [Edwards, Los Alamos National Laboratory]

*[http://gassend.net/elevator/SEC2005/BrokenElevator.pdf Fate of a broken space elevator (PDF)] [Gassend, MIT CSAIL 2005] Interesting analysis of the effects of a space elevator cable rupture

*[http://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/casi.ntrs.nasa.gov/20060000015_2005248072.pdf Critical technologies for the development of future space elevator systems (PDF)] [Smitherman, NASA MSFC 2005]

*[http://spaceelevatorconference.org/Documents/RT%20Space%20Elevator%20Space%20Debris%2022June%2010.pdf Space elevator survivability - space debris mitigation (PDF)] [ISEC.info 2010]

=Electrical Power System (EPS)=

The EPS provides the functions: electrical power generation, storage, management, and distribution.

==General EPS references==

*[http://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/casi.ntrs.nasa.gov/19630001637_1963001637.pdf Power for Spacecraft, NASA-SP-21 (PDF)] [Barrett, 1962]

*[http://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/casi.ntrs.nasa.gov/19840018678_1984018678.pdf Space power technology into the 21st Century, NASA-TM-83690] [NASA, 1983]

==Primary and Secondary Battery Systems==

*[http://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/casi.ntrs.nasa.gov/19640008138_1964008138.pdf Space batteries, NASA-SP-5004 (PDF)] [Francis, 1964] Description of three sealed battery systems - nickel-cadmium, silver-cadmium, and silver-zinc for spacecraft power use

*[http://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/casi.ntrs.nasa.gov/19690008710_1969008710.pdf Batteries for space power systems, NASA-SP-172 (PDF)] [Bauer, 1968] Design-oriented introduction to space battery systems

* [http://www.batteryuniversity.com/ Battery University] [2005]

*[http://electricitystorage.org/pubs/2001/IEEE_PES_Winter2001/wm01nas.pdf Advanced Sodum-Sulfur (NaS) Battery System (PDF)] [Kimbayashi/TEPCO, 2001] Overview of Na-S battery technology developed in Japan; main advantage is high energy density (> 200 Wh/kg).

*[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lithium_sulfur_battery Lithium - sulfur battery site] [Wikipedia, 2010]

==Photovoltaic Power Generation==

* [http://www.spacearium.com/special/SP8000/archive/00000089/01/sp8005.pdf Solar Electromagentic Radiation, NASA-SP-8005] [1971]

* [http://www.spacearium.com/special/SP8000/archive/00000110/01/sp8074.pdf Spacecraft Solar Cell Arrays, NASA-SP-8074] [May 1971]

==Radioisotope Power Generation==

* [http://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/casi.ntrs.nasa.gov/20050244481_2005248014.pdf Design of a Modular GPHS Stirling Power System for Lunar Habitation Module, NASA-TM-2005-213991 / AIAA-2005-5716] [2005] Description of a dynamic radioisotope-based power generation system conceptual design

*[http://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/casi.ntrs.nasa.gov/20070032738_2007032405.pdf Advanced Stirling Technology Development at NASA Glenn Research Center, NASA TM-2007-214930 (PDF)] [Shaltens, Wong, 2007] Excellent overview of ongoing work at NASA Glenn (including dynamic heat-power conversion); conceptual description of present and planned RTG-based power plants.

==Fission Power Generation==

*[http://trs-new.jpl.nasa.gov/dspace/bitstream/2014/38984/1/05-2577.pdf Lunar fission surface power system design and implementation concept, NASA-JPL (PDF)] [Elliott, Reh, MacPherson, 2006]

==Fuel Cell Systems==

*[http://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/casi.ntrs.nasa.gov/19670030808_1967030808.pdf Fuel cells - A review of government-sponsored research, 1950-1964, NASA-SP-120 (PDF)] [Austin, 1967] Good design-oriented introduction to fuel cells

*[http://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/casi.ntrs.nasa.gov/20040010319_2003141151.pdf Fuel Cells for Space Science Applications, NASA/TM-2003-212730 / AIAA-2003-5938] [Burke 2003] Excellent review of fuel cell and battery technology for space applications; includes mathematical model for fuel cells systems and reference data for battery and fuel cell systems.

*[http://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/casi.ntrs.nasa.gov/19990063763_1999094054.pdf High Energy Density Regenerative Fuel Cell Systems for Terrestrial Applications, NASA/TM-1999-209429 / SAE 99-01-2600] [Burke 1999]

==EPS Design Studies==

===Mars Surface Power System Design Studies===

*[http://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/casi.ntrs.nasa.gov/19900019077_1990019077.pdf A solar power system for an early Mars expedition, NASA-TM-103219 (PDF)] [NASA, 1990] Overview of surface power system for 40-day Mars surface stay at the equator; system is based on amorphous silicon arrays and gaseous hydrogen / oxygen regenerative fuel cells.

*[http://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/casi.ntrs.nasa.gov/19900009983_1990009983.pdf Aeolian removal of dust from photovoltaic surfaces on Mars, NASA-TM-102507 (PDF)] [Gaier, Perez-Davis, Marabito, 1990]

*[http://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/casi.ntrs.nasa.gov/19930017514_1993017514.pdf A photovoltaic catenary-tent array for the Martian surface, NASA-CR-191144 (PDF)] [Colozza, Appelbaum, Crutchik, 1993]

*[http://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/casi.ntrs.nasa.gov/19950012155_1995112155.pdf Solar-electrochemical power system for a Mars mission, NASA-TM-106606 (PDF)] [Withrow, Mortales, 1994]

*[http://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/casi.ntrs.nasa.gov/19990063893_1999094036.pdf Solar Electric Power System Analyses for Mars Surface Missions, NASA TM-1999-209288 (PDF)] [NASA, 1999] Design study of a 40kWe solar & fuel cell power system for conjunction class Mars surface missions; includes new tent-like structure concept.

==EPS Models==

Under construction...

=Thermal Control (TC)=

* [http://www.spacearium.com/special/SP8000/archive/00000152/01/sp8105.pdf Spacecraft Thermal Control, NASA-SP-8105] [May 1973]

*[http://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/casi.ntrs.nasa.gov/19970001606_1996097836.pdf Advanced Active Thermal Control Systems Architecture Study, NASA-TM-104822] [Hanford AJ, Ewert MK, Oct. 1996]

*[http://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/casi.ntrs.nasa.gov/20030067928_2003079547.pdf An Updated Zero Boil-Off Cryogenic Propellant Storage Analysis Applied to Upper Stages or Depots in a LEO Environment, NASA TM-2003-211691] [June 2003]

*[http://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/casi.ntrs.nasa.gov/20040191589_2004198409.pdf Results of an Advanced Development Zero Boil-Off Cryogenic Propellant Storage Test, NASA TM-2004-213390] [November 2004]

=Environmental Control & Life Support System (ECLSS)=

==General ECLSS References==

*[http://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/casi.ntrs.nasa.gov/19630001634_1963001634.pdf Bioastronautics, NASA-SP-18 (PDF)] [Geratewohl et al., 1962]

*[http://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/casi.ntrs.nasa.gov/19670025254_1967025254.pdf The closed life-support system, NASA SP-134 (PDF)] [NASA, 1967]

*[http://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/casi.ntrs.nasa.gov/19890002836_1989002836.pdf A survey of some regenerative physico-chemical life support technology, NASA-TM-101004 (PDF)] [Wydeven, 1988] Excellent overview of regenerative life support technologies for atmosphere revitalization, water and waste management

* [http://www.snds.com/ssi/ssi/SystemSolutions/index.html Hamilton Sundstrand ECLSS website] [2007]

* [http://oregonstate.edu/~atwaterj/LifeSupport.html Regenerative Life Support Website at Oregon State University] [Atwater, 2006]

*[http://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/casi.ntrs.nasa.gov/19940022934_1994022934.pdf Designing for human presence in space: An introduction to environmental control and life support systems, NASA-RP-1324 (PDF)] [Wieland, 1994]

*[http://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/casi.ntrs.nasa.gov/20060005209_2006005654.pdf Designing For Human Presence in Space An Introduction to Environmental Control and Life Support Systems (ECLSS) - Appendix, NASA TM-2005-214007 (PDF)] [Wieland, 2005]

*US Navy Diving Manual - Volume 1: Air Diving, NAVSEA 0994-LP-001-9010, Revision 1, June 1985, Navy Department Washington, D.C.

==ECLSS Technologies==

===Atmosphere Revitalization===

*[http://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/casi.ntrs.nasa.gov/19860021392_1986021392.pdf Space station molecular sieve development, NASA-CR-178885 (PDF)] [Chang et al., 1986] Overview of carbon-based molecular sieves including applications with CO2 recovery for regeneration; performance comparison to zeolite-based molecular sieves

*[http://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/casi.ntrs.nasa.gov/19880006971_1988006971.pdf Electrochemical carbon dioxide concentrator subsystem development, NASA-CR-177411 (PDF)] [Koszenski et al., 1986]

*[http://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/casi.ntrs.nasa.gov/19970027854_1997049592.pdf Enhanced Molecular Sieve CO2 Removal Evaluation, NASA-CR-205324 (PDF)] [Rose et al., 1996] Analysis and test results on zeolite- and carbon-based molecular sieves for CO2 removal in habitats and during EVA

*[http://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/casi.ntrs.nasa.gov/20060007774_2006008339.pdf Atmosphere Revitalization Technology Development for Crewed Space Exploration, AIAA Paper 2006-140 (PDF)] [Perry, et al., NASA-MSFC, 2006] Includes overview of ISS 4-bed molecular sieve system

===Water Management===

*[http://www.snds.com/ssi/ssi/Applications/SpaceHabitat/WPA.html Hamilton Sundstrand website on their waste water processing system design for use on ISS] [Hamilton Sundstrand, 2008]

===Food Management===

*[http://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/casi.ntrs.nasa.gov/19700024524_1970024524.pdf Aerospace food technology, NASA-SP-202 (PDF)] [NASA, 1970]

*[http://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/casi.ntrs.nasa.gov/19740078168_1974078168.pdf Skylab food system project support and management, NASA-TM-X-70098 (PDF)] [Bush, 1972] Overview of the Skylab food system with geometric and mass information

*[http://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/casi.ntrs.nasa.gov/19740003791_1974003791.pdf Synthetic carbohydrate An aid to nutrition in the future, NASA-CR-136152 (PDF)] [Stanford University, 1973]

*[http://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/casi.ntrs.nasa.gov/19850008160_1985008160.pdf Problems associated with the utilization of algae in bioregenerative life support systems, NASA-CR-166615 (PDF)] [Averner et al., 1984]

*[http://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/casi.ntrs.nasa.gov/20050182966_2005171686.pdf Mars Greenhouses Concepts and Challenges. Proceedings from a 1999 Workshop, NASA TM-2000-208577 (PDF)] [Wheeler et al., 2000]

*[http://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/casi.ntrs.nasa.gov/20070008092_2007005363.pdf The Challenges of Developing a Food System for a Mars Mission, NASA-JSC publication (PDF)] [Perchonok, 2007]

===Waste Management===

Under construction...

===Atmosphere Thermal Conditioning===

Under construction...

==Integrated ECLSS Design Studies / Tests==

*[http://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/casi.ntrs.nasa.gov/19790015495_1979015495.pdf Concept definition for an extended duration orbiter ECLSS, NASA-CR-160164] [Hamilton Standard, 1977] Very interesting design study, provides a wealth of reference data for subsystem sizing / scaling and for human ECLS requirements

*[http://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/casi.ntrs.nasa.gov/19690016031_1969016031.pdf Sixty-day manned test of a regenerative life support system with oxygen and water recovery. Part 1 - Engineering test results, NASA-CR-98500] [NASA, 1968]

*[http://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/casi.ntrs.nasa.gov/19710011476_1971011476.pdf Preliminary results from an operational 90-day manned test of a regenerative life support system, NASA-SP-261] [NASA, 1971]

*[http://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/casi.ntrs.nasa.gov/19720006465_1972006465.pdf Program operational summary Operational 90 day manned test of a regenerative life support system, NASA-CR-1835] [NASA, 1972]

=Crew Systems=

* [http://msis.jsc.nasa.gov/ NASA Manned Systems Integration Standards (NASA STD 3000)] [NASA, 1995]

=Avionics / Astrionics=

* [http://www.spacearium.com/special/SP8000/archive/00000106/01/sp8070.pdf Spaceborne Digital Computer Systems, NASA-SP-8070] [March 1971]

=Guidance, Navigation & Control (GN&C)=

*[http://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/casi.ntrs.nasa.gov/19630001633_1963001633.pdf Control, Guidance, and Navigation of Spacecraft, NASA-SP-17 (PDF)] [Bird et al., 1962]

*[http://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/casi.ntrs.nasa.gov/19670021967_1967021967.pdf A survey of attitude sensors for spacecraft, NASA-SP-145 (PDF)] [Hatcher, 1967] Spacecraft attitude sensors design and operational features - horizon scanners, solar sensors, star trackers, space sextants, and map matchers

* [http://www.spacearium.com/special/SP8000/archive/00000011/01/sp8015.pdf Guidance and Navigation for Entry Vehicles, NASA-SP-8015] [November 1968]

* [http://www.spacearium.com/special/SP8000/archive/00000127/01/sp8096.pdf Space Vehicle Gyroscope Sensor Applications, NASA-SP-8096] [October 1972]

=Planetary Entry, Descent & Landing (EDL)=

*[http://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/casi.ntrs.nasa.gov/19630001639_1963001639.pdf Aerodynamics of Space Vehicles, NASA-SP-23 (PDF)] [Bertram, Boswinkle, Campbell, Cohen, Fetterman, Grant, Henry, Trimpi, 1962]

*[[:Image:NasaTnD4098.pdf|NASA Technical Note D-4098]] [Harris, August 1967] Aerodynamic Characteristics of a Spherically Blunted 25 Degree Cone at a Mach Number of 20

*[http://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/casi.ntrs.nasa.gov/19690067366_1969067366.pdf Entry thermal protection, NASA-SP-8014 (PDF)] [Sherman, 1968]

*[http://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/casi.ntrs.nasa.gov/19690010164_1969010164.pdf Guidance and navigation for entry vehicles, NASA-SP-8015 (PDF)] [NASA, 1968]

*[http://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/casi.ntrs.nasa.gov/19700019228_1970019228.pdf Entry vehicle control, NASA-SP-8028 (PDF)] [NASA, 1969]

*[http://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/casi.ntrs.nasa.gov/20070022789_2007020198.pdf Planetary Mission Entry Vehicles Quick Reference Guide. Version 3.0, NASA SP-2006-3401 (PDF)] [Davies, Arcadi, 2006] Excellent reference

*[http://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/casi.ntrs.nasa.gov/19810012569_1981012569.pdf Generic Aerocapture Atmospheric Entry Study - Final Report, Vol. 1, GE Re-entry Systems Divison, 1980.] Interesting Archiecture

*[http://www.4frontierscorp.com/dev/assets/Braun_Paper_on_Mars_EDL.pdf Mars Exploration Entry, Descent and Landing Challenges (PDF)] [Braun RD, Manning RM, 2006] Excellent paper providing an overview of existing Mars EDL systems and technology (primarily based on Viking heritage), limitations to extending this technology, and a summary of the challenges for human-scale Mars EDL.

*[http://www.ssdl.gatech.edu/Papers/Technical%20Papers/AIAA-2009-6684.pdf High Mass Mars Entry, Descent, and Landing Architecture Assessment (PDF)] [Bradley A. Steinfeldt, John E. Theisinger, Ashley M. Korzun, Ian G. Clark, Michael J. Grant, and Robert D. Braun, Georia Institute of Technology, 2009] Trade-space exploration for highpayload (20+ mt) Mars EDL systems

*[http://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/casi.ntrs.nasa.gov/20090041828_2009042201.pdf A Multidisciplinary Tool for Systems Analysis of Planetary Entry, Descent, and Landing (SAPE), NASA/TM-2009-215950 (PDF)] [Jamshid A. Samareh, Langley Research Center, 2009]

=In-Situ Resource Utilization and Manufacturing=

==In-Situ Propellant Production==

*[http://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/casi.ntrs.nasa.gov/20030053430_2003059864.pdf An Introduction to Mars ISPP Technologies] [Lueck DE, NASA 2003]

*[http://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/casi.ntrs.nasa.gov/20020000946_2001199867.pdf A Survey of Alternative Oxygen Production Technologies] [Lueck DE, NASA 2001] Technologies other than Sabatier reactor and Zirconia electrolysis

==In-Situ Manufacturing==

*[http://reprap.org/bin/view/Main/WebHome RepRap project website] The RepRap project is aimed at developing a 3D-printer which can replicate itself.

*[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RepRap_Project Wikipedia entry for the RepRap project]

Mars Manufacturing

2014-07-24T22:32:43Z

Blarson: /* Resources */

[[Category:ISRU]]

This page is intended to catalog information of relevance to manufacturing in an early human output / settlement on Mars, such as that contemplated by the [[MinMars]] project. Feel free to add to it.

==Resources==

Relevant resources for manufacturing in an early Mars output include:

* In-situ atmospheric resources:
** Carbon dioxide
** Nitrogen
** Argon (might be useful as inert gas for welding)
** Water vapor

* In-situ surface resources (generally accessible with limited processing):
** Bulk regolith
** Rocks, stones, gravel, etc
** Water ice
** Hydrated minerals
** Salt deposits

* Resources transported from Earth
** Imported raw materials
** Recyclable materials from various sources (packaging, used equipment, etc.)

Based upon the in-situ resources available, the use of the materials made up of the elements Carbon (C), Hydrogen (H), Oxygen (O), and Nitrogen (N) such as plastics or carbon fiber, or making use of the Martian regolith and/or rocks such as in bricks, may be the most promising for early human outposts. More involved processing of the regolith or other surface resources could also enable much more sophisticated materials to be developed, such as glasses, metals (like iron), and ceramics.

==Plastic production==

Biological plastics:
* http://www.popularmechanics.com/science/energy/biofuel/algae-to-plastic