DevelopSpace - User contributions [en]

Minimalist Human Mars Mission

2025-08-14T15:25:13Z

DvlpSpc: removed old mailing list references

[[Category:Projects]][[Category:MinMars]]

The Minimalist Human Mars Mission (aka MinMars) project aims to design a near-term feasible Mars missions based on the concept of sending humans on a one-way mission to the surface of Mars. A follow-on DevelopSpace project is focused on advancing the state of the art of Mars surface systems, see [[Mars Surface]] for more information.

=Project Overview=

Project aims to design a near-term feasible human Mars mission based on the concept of sending humans one way to Mars. This approach has a number of advantages compared to the tradition "there-and-back" exploration approach that all previous human space missions have followed, particularly with regard to the mass requirements of the mission. The humans on Mars would be re-supplied periodically and would have the tools and infrastructure for a mostly self-sustained existence. An emergency return capability based on the direct return approach could be provided to mitigate the effects of catastrophic equipment failure on Mars; it is one of the goals of the project to determine the cost of providing such a return capability. This initial Mars outpost (Mars "toehold") could also be the nucleus of an initial Mars colony, growing over time through dispatching additional crew and infrastructure to the outpost.

==Project Motivation==

For many reasons, it is our destiny as humans to expand our presence. since the existence of our species, we have expanded our habitat over almost the entire Earth. This expansion was enabled by using technology (e.g. living in central Europe or northern Minnesota and surviving the winter). The next logical step is to go beyond Earth. This requires more significant reliance on technology. In addition to expanding our presence, there may be numerous other benefits from this such as rekindling of frontier spirit, societal invigoration, generating new technologies and knowledge, backing up our species and its achievements.

=== Why Mars? ===

Why would we want to expand to Mars, instead of other destinations such as the Moon?

Of all the bodies of the inner solar system eligible for near-term colonization, Mars is the most suitable. Mars has an atmosphere, specifically a CO2 atmosphere (GCR/SPR protection, feedstock for ISRU). All the other elements necessary for sustained human existence are present in one form or another on the Martian surface (nitrogen, hydrogen, oxygen, carbon, iron, aluminum, etc). From a mass/energy perspective, the Martian surface is about as hard to reach as the lunar surface. Mars has a higher gravity level than on the Moon.

Major challenges of Mars are that it takes longer to get there and aeroentry / aerocapture is required.

=== Why are we interested in doing this? ===

The establishment of a self-sustained human colony off the Earth should be one of the driving goals of human spaceflight.

Mars surface is the most suitable place for establishing a self-sustained human colony in the foreseeable future.

Architecture-level analysis is effective in identifying the driving challenges for establishing the toehold and guide future analyses.

=== How to Colonize Mars ===

Many ideas have been put forth (Zubrin, Case for Mars conference proceedings, etc). Here are some initial ideas for our project:

*Humans will be sent one way, possibly with an initial emergency return capability (return capability could be based on direct return)
*Re-supply will initially be provided from Earth, possibly augmented with ISRU on Mars (initially atmosphere-based ISRU / possibly also greenhouses for growing food)
*The population of the colony will be assumed to grow over time (maybe 4 crew initially, minimum of 2 additional every opportunity)

==Project Goals==

1. To determine what would be involved in implementing a sustained human presence on Mars in the near future by way of one-way colonization for minimum closure and maximum closure levels for constant or growing population size.

2. To investigate the cost of providing the colony with the capability for emergency evacuation back to Earth.

3. To gain an understanding of the financial needs and the time phasing of a near-term Mars colonization program.

4. To further develop the DevelopSpace infrastructure through identification of infrastructure needs.

= MinMars Toehold Architecture =

Architecture Tradespace:
*In-situ water production: yes, no
*Mars surface landed mass: 2 mt, 8 mt, 45 mt
*Significant in-situ food production: yes, no

Invariant architecture choices:
*Oxygen production from Mars atmosphere
*Water recycling
*In-situ production of a limited amount of vegetables and fruit
*Power generation and energy storage using amorphous silicon arrays and Li-ion batteries

==Operational Architecture==

The overall operational architecture for the initial toehold is based on one-way flights delivering cargo and crew to the Martian surface (potentially with an emergency return capability). Mars capture is assumed to be accomplished by aerocapture. Subsequent lifting entry and propulsive descent are used to deliver payloads to the single surface outpost site (outpost location is subject to a variety of factors (insolation, water, elevation). The exact size and payload capability of each lander depends on the Earth departure architecture and entry body chosen.

== Major Challenges Identified ==

Mars entry, descent, and landing of 10+ mt payloads
*What would be the entry mass associated with 10 mt payloads?
*What is the landing accuracy that can be achieved?

Food production on the surface of Mars
*Is it worthwhile; break-even with re-supply from Earth?
*Food production architecture analysis

Spare parts re-supply / in-situ production & manufacturing strategy
*What is the cumulative spare parts need without manufacturing?
*Which spare parts can be easily manufactured on Mars?
*What manufacturing infrastructure should be imported first?
*What raw materials can be easily produced on the surface of Mars?

Mars surface habitation infrastructure design / deployment
*Especially for transportation scenarios where Mars surface payload capability is closer to 1 mt (MSL)

Test of solar array deployment
*Build a prototype and test deploy

= Models and Results =

== Areas of Focus ==

The following pages include more in-depth discussion of the work done on the critical areas of designing a minimalist human Mars mission:

*[[MinMars/InSpace_Transportation|In-space Transportation]]
*[[MinMars/EDL|Entry, Descent, and Landing]]
*[[MinMars/Surface Power|Surface Power]]
*[[MinMars/Surface Infrastructure|Surface Infrastructure]]
*[[MinMars/Surface Mobility|Surface Mobility]]
*[[MinMars/Logistics|Logistics]]
*[[MinMars/ISRU|In-Situ Resource Utilization]]
*[[MinMars/Finance_and_Costing|Finance and Costing]]
*[[MinMars/Integration_of_Results|Integration of Results]]

== Conference Papers on MinMars ==

=== IAC 2008 ===
The following repository contains our IAC 2008 paper and presentation.

http://svn.developspace.net/svn/minmars/minMars%20reports/IAC%202008%20paper/

=== IAC 2010 ===
The following repository contains our IAC 2010 abstract.

http://svn.developspace.net/svn/minmars/minMars%20reports/IAC%202010%20paper/

== Subversion Repository ==

[[SVN|Subversion]] version control system used to store files associated with this project. Repository is available at http://svn.developspace.net/svn/minmars/. For more information on how to use the repository, see the [[SVN]] page.

Read-only access to the repository is available to anyone. For write access, please contact [mailto:info@developspace.net info@developspace.net].

= Additional Information =

== Mars Wish List ==

The [[Mars Wish List]] page lists a number of items which would be useful at the initiation of a minimalist human Mars mission, such as being designed by this project.

== MinMars Follow-On Projects ==

The MinMars project has identified a number of enabling technologies / systems required for establishing a human Mars surface toehold. For these focus areas, separate projects will be established on DevelopSpace in the near future.

The [[MinMars/Follow-on Projects|Follow-on Projects]] page lists the identified focus areas.

= Project Team =

*Wilfried Hofstetter (project lead)
*Paul Wooster (advisor)

*Arthur Guest
*Thomas Coffee
*Alessandro Golkar
*Chase Cooper
*Ryan McLinko
*Alar Kolk
*Aaron Schultz
*Emily Grosse (listening in)

= References =

A list of key references for this project can be found at [[MinMars/References]].

Main Page

2025-08-03T15:05:36Z

DvlpSpc: Added link to grants page

'''Note:''' The content on this wiki site was primarily developed between 2005 and 2015, and is no longer being actively maintained.
New content development activities are being directed towards [[dsorg:|DevelopSpace.org]], including efforts to rebuild our
open source space library. For more information or to get involved, please email us at [mailto:info@developspace.org info@developspace.org]

DevelopSpace is currently seeking grant applications from open source space development projects. See [[dsorg:grants/|https://developspace.org/grants/]] for more information.


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| style="font-size:95%; padding:10px 0; margin:0; text-align:left; white-space:nowrap; color:#000;" | [[DevelopSpace:About|About Us]] '''·''' [[People|People]] '''·''' [[Help:Contents|Help]]
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What is DevelopSpace?

</h2>
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| style="color:#000;" | <div id="mp-tfa" style="padding:2px 5px">

The goal of DevelopSpace is to build-up the technical foundations for human space activities. DevelopSpace will engage in scientific and educational endeavors with a focus on open sharing of relevant technical resources and fostering related technical activities and innovations. DevelopSpace will enable a wide variety of individuals and groups to participate in the exploration, development, and utilization of space. You can learn more about DevelopSpace at our [[DevelopSpace:About|About Us]] page.

This website is dedicated to both advancing the DevelopSpace concept, a general reference for the technical space community, and as a hosting platform for space related technical projects. The content on this site is intended to grow over time. All interested individuals are invited to participate and contribute. Please add relevant items and help in expanding the information available here. You can modify a page by clicking the "edit" button at the top.

Selected publications featuring DevelopSpace include:
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20150921173356/http://archive09.linux.com/feature/118137 Linux.com article describing the DevelopSpace concept]
* [[:Image:AIAA2007-OpeningSpaceforHumanity.pdf|AIAA conference paper describing motivation for DevelopSpace]]
* [[:Image:IAC_2008_Minimalist_Mars.pdf|Open Innovation for Space Systems Using the Developspace Platform for Designing a Near-Term Human Mars Mission]]

[[DevelopSpace:About|DevelopSpace Initiative, Inc.]] is a non-profit, 501c3 corporation. Donations are tax deductible in the United States, and can be made online [https://www.paypal.com/cgi-bin/webscr?cmd=_s-xclick&hosted_button_id=HJZT7DT5GJ8UC via PayPal]. For more information on how you can support DevelopSpace, please contact us at [mailto:info@developspace.org info@developspace.org].

</div>

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Featured DevelopSpace Project

</h2>
|-
| style="color:#000;padding:2px 5px" | <div id="mp-itn">

[[Minimalist_Human_Mars_Mission|A Minimalist Human Mission to Mars]]

This project aims to design a near-term feasible human Mars mission based on the concept of sending humans one way to Mars. This approach has a number of advantages compared to the tradition "there-and-back" exploration approach that all previous human space missions have followed, particularly with regard to the mass requirements of the mission. The humans on Mars would be re-supplied periodically and would have the tools and infrastructure for a mostly self-sustained existence. An emergency return capability based on the direct return approach could be provided to mitigate the effects of catastrophic equipment failure on Mars; it is one of the goals of the project to determine the cost of providing such a return capability. This initial Mars outpost (Mars "toehold") could also be the nucleus of an initial Mars colony, growing over time through dispatching additional crew and infrastructure to the outpost.

[[Projects|Click here to view other projects]]

</div>
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The Space Exploration Reference Library

</h2>
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| style="color:#000;padding:2px 5px 5px" | <div id="mp-otd">

Our Reference Library catalogs a variety of technical information of interest to those developing space-related systems. The library is maintained by volunteer contributors and emphasizes freely available technical references. Please make use of and expand this resource for the overall space development community.

[[Reference_Library|View the articles]]

</div>
|}
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Hosting your project on DevelopSpace...

</h2>
|-
| style="color:#000;padding: 2px" | <div id="mp-tfp">

DevelopSpace provides free hosting services for projects advancing the technical foundations for human space activities. A listing of currently hosted projects is available by clicking [[Projects|clicking here]]. At present, projects are offered space on this wiki, mailing list hosting, and [[SVN|Subversion]] version control repository hosting. We intend to expand our offerings over time to assist projects in their success. If you are interested in hosting your project with DevelopSpace or if there are particular services that would be of interest to you, please [mailto:info@developspace.org let us know].

</div>
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<div id="mp-other" style="padding-top:4px; padding-bottom:2px;">
== Other areas of DevelopSpace ==

=== Open-Source Engineering ===

[[Open_Source_Engineering_Tools|Open Source Engineering Tools]]

Aims to catalog, review, aid in the use of, and encourage the creation and enhancement of open source tools for engineering (with a particular emphasis towards space).

[[InterestingLinks|Interesting Links]]

Links to external sites of interest for the DevelopSpace concept

=== Improving DevelopSpace Infrastructure ===

[[DevelopSpace_Information_Systems| DevelopSpace Information Systems]]

Effort intended to foster the establishment and support of DevelopSpace's information systems, including project hosting infrastructure.

[[SiteRequests| A List of Site Requests]]

This is where to discuss features you would like to see included as part of the DevelopSpace platform.

=== Get Involved! ===

Interested in helping out? Drop us a line [mailto:info@developspace.org by email] and let us know a bit about yourself and how you'd be interested in getting involved. We have a number of opportunities ranging from engaging in our technical projects, to web development and graphics design, to supporting our business activities. We look forward to hearing from you!

</div>


__NOTOC____NOEDITSECTION__

Main Page

2025-06-14T19:40:36Z

DvlpSpc: Remove outdated blurb about "starting a mars surface systems project"

'''Note:''' The content on this wiki site was primarily developed between 2005 and 2015, and is no longer being actively maintained.
New content development activities are being directed towards [[dsorg:|DevelopSpace.org]], including efforts to rebuild our
open source space library. For more information or to get involved, please email us at [mailto:info@developspace.org info@developspace.org]


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{| style="width:280px; border:none; background:none;"
| style="width:280px; text-align:center; white-space:nowrap; color:#000;" |
<div style="font-size:162%; border:none; margin:0; padding:.1em; color:#000;">Welcome to DevelopSpace!</div>
<div style="top:+0.2em; font-size:95%;">the open-source repository for space exploration</div>
|}


| style="width:11%; font-size:95%;" |
* [[Projects|Projects]]
* [[Reference_Library|Reference Library]]
* [[Special:Categories|Category Listing]]
|}


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| style="font-size:95%; padding:10px 0; margin:0; text-align:left; white-space:nowrap; color:#000;" | [[DevelopSpace:About|About Us]] '''·''' [[People|People]] '''·''' [[Help:Contents|Help]]
|}


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| class="MainPageBG" style="width:50%; border:1px solid #cef2e0; background:#f5fffa; vertical-align:top; color:#000;" |
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What is DevelopSpace?

</h2>
|-
| style="color:#000;" | <div id="mp-tfa" style="padding:2px 5px">

The goal of DevelopSpace is to build-up the technical foundations for human space activities. DevelopSpace will engage in scientific and educational endeavors with a focus on open sharing of relevant technical resources and fostering related technical activities and innovations. DevelopSpace will enable a wide variety of individuals and groups to participate in the exploration, development, and utilization of space. You can learn more about DevelopSpace at our [[DevelopSpace:About|About Us]] page.

This website is dedicated to both advancing the DevelopSpace concept, a general reference for the technical space community, and as a hosting platform for space related technical projects. The content on this site is intended to grow over time. All interested individuals are invited to participate and contribute. Please add relevant items and help in expanding the information available here. You can modify a page by clicking the "edit" button at the top.

Selected publications featuring DevelopSpace include:
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20150921173356/http://archive09.linux.com/feature/118137 Linux.com article describing the DevelopSpace concept]
* [[:Image:AIAA2007-OpeningSpaceforHumanity.pdf|AIAA conference paper describing motivation for DevelopSpace]]
* [[:Image:IAC_2008_Minimalist_Mars.pdf|Open Innovation for Space Systems Using the Developspace Platform for Designing a Near-Term Human Mars Mission]]

[[DevelopSpace:About|DevelopSpace Initiative, Inc.]] is a non-profit, 501c3 corporation. Donations are tax deductible in the United States, and can be made online [https://www.paypal.com/cgi-bin/webscr?cmd=_s-xclick&hosted_button_id=HJZT7DT5GJ8UC via PayPal]. For more information on how you can support DevelopSpace, please contact us at [mailto:info@developspace.org info@developspace.org].

</div>

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| class="MainPageBG" style="width:50%; border:1px solid #cedff2; background:#f5faff; vertical-align:top;"|
{| id="mp-right" style="width:100%; vertical-align:top; background:#f5faff;"
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Featured DevelopSpace Project

</h2>
|-
| style="color:#000;padding:2px 5px" | <div id="mp-itn">

[[Minimalist_Human_Mars_Mission|A Minimalist Human Mission to Mars]]

This project aims to design a near-term feasible human Mars mission based on the concept of sending humans one way to Mars. This approach has a number of advantages compared to the tradition "there-and-back" exploration approach that all previous human space missions have followed, particularly with regard to the mass requirements of the mission. The humans on Mars would be re-supplied periodically and would have the tools and infrastructure for a mostly self-sustained existence. An emergency return capability based on the direct return approach could be provided to mitigate the effects of catastrophic equipment failure on Mars; it is one of the goals of the project to determine the cost of providing such a return capability. This initial Mars outpost (Mars "toehold") could also be the nucleus of an initial Mars colony, growing over time through dispatching additional crew and infrastructure to the outpost.

[[Projects|Click here to view other projects]]

</div>
|-
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The Space Exploration Reference Library

</h2>
|-
| style="color:#000;padding:2px 5px 5px" | <div id="mp-otd">

Our Reference Library catalogs a variety of technical information of interest to those developing space-related systems. The library is maintained by volunteer contributors and emphasizes freely available technical references. Please make use of and expand this resource for the overall space development community.

[[Reference_Library|View the articles]]

</div>
|}
|}

{| style="margin:4px 0 0 0; width:100%; background:none;"
| class="MainPageBG" style="width:100%; border:1px solid #ddcef2; background:#faf5ff; vertical-align:top; color:#000;"|
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Hosting your project on DevelopSpace...

</h2>
|-
| style="color:#000;padding: 2px" | <div id="mp-tfp">

DevelopSpace provides free hosting services for projects advancing the technical foundations for human space activities. A listing of currently hosted projects is available by clicking [[Projects|clicking here]]. At present, projects are offered space on this wiki, mailing list hosting, and [[SVN|Subversion]] version control repository hosting. We intend to expand our offerings over time to assist projects in their success. If you are interested in hosting your project with DevelopSpace or if there are particular services that would be of interest to you, please [mailto:info@developspace.org let us know].

</div>
|}
|}

<div id="mp-other" style="padding-top:4px; padding-bottom:2px;">
== Other areas of DevelopSpace ==

=== Open-Source Engineering ===

[[Open_Source_Engineering_Tools|Open Source Engineering Tools]]

Aims to catalog, review, aid in the use of, and encourage the creation and enhancement of open source tools for engineering (with a particular emphasis towards space).

[[InterestingLinks|Interesting Links]]

Links to external sites of interest for the DevelopSpace concept

=== Improving DevelopSpace Infrastructure ===

[[DevelopSpace_Information_Systems| DevelopSpace Information Systems]]

Effort intended to foster the establishment and support of DevelopSpace's information systems, including project hosting infrastructure.

[[SiteRequests| A List of Site Requests]]

This is where to discuss features you would like to see included as part of the DevelopSpace platform.

=== Get Involved! ===

Interested in helping out? Drop us a line [mailto:info@developspace.org by email] and let us know a bit about yourself and how you'd be interested in getting involved. We have a number of opportunities ranging from engaging in our technical projects, to web development and graphics design, to supporting our business activities. We look forward to hearing from you!

</div>


__NOTOC____NOEDITSECTION__

Open Source Engineering Tools

2025-06-14T19:38:05Z

DvlpSpc: Updated links for "space-specific software" section

This is a DevelopSpace project to aid the space systems development by providing access to relevant, open source engineering software tools, using input provided by both DevelopSpace contributors and the wider space engineering community. We aim to both provide information on existing tools and identify areas in which new tools would be of use so as to encourage the development of such tools.

For tools that are available, our goal is to provide reviews regarding the usefulness of each tool for particular applications, guides on how to most effectively use the tools for various types of efforts related to space system development, and descriptions of how the tools can be used together. Where needs exist to either create new tools or enhance existing tools, we will aim to gather input regarding what functionality is desired and (when possible) point towards relevant commercial tools that could serve as models.

While the focus of this project is on tools that are relevant to space applications, space engineering has significant overlap with many other engineering disciplines, as such a significant number of the tools we describe will be relevant outside of the space arena.

Please help this project and the space engineering community as a whole by expanding the material available here. Also, please [mailto:info@developspace.net email us] if you're interested in helping maintain this project on a continuing basis.

=Software Licenses=
For the purposes of this project, we are interested in identifying software tools that are free and open source in the sense that the software's source code is provided and the software license allows you to use, modify, and freely redistribute the software without paying royalties or other fees. Software included here should meet the [http://www.opensource.org/docs/osd Open Source Definition] of the [http://www.opensource.org Open Source Iniative (OSI)] and the [http://www.gnu.org/philosophy/free-sw.html Free Software Definition] of the [http://www.fsf.org/ Free Software Foundation (FSF)] (where free means freedom).

OSI maintains a list of software they have approved [http://www.opensource.org/licenses here]. FSF has a listing of software free and non-free software licenses [http://www.gnu.org/licenses/license-list.html here]. The FSF listing also specifies whether the license is compatible with the GNU General Public License (GPL), a leading open source license.

=Software Listing=

==Space-specific Software==
*[http://jat.sourceforge.net Java Astrodynamics Toolkit (GPL)]
*[https://sourceforge.net/projects/gmat/ General Mission Analysis Tool (Apache License V2.0)]
*[http://www.orekit.org/ OREKIT (ORbits Extrapolation KIT) (Apache License)]
*[http://www.qsl.net/kd2bd/predict.html Satellite tracking and orbit prediction (GPL)]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/2010/http://orsa.sourceforge.net/ Orbit Reconstruction Simulation and Analysis (GPL)]
*[http://adams.dm.unipi.it/~orbmaint/orbfit/ Asteroid Orbit Determination and Propagation (GPL)]
*[http://libnova.sourceforge.net/ Libnova (LGPL)] general purpose, double precision, Celestial Mechanics, Astrometry and Astrodynamics library
*[http://spacecraft.sourceforge.net Open-Source, Extensible Spacecraft Simulation And Modeling Environment (GPL)]
*[http://sourceforge.net/projects/dsacss/ Distributed Spacecraft Attitude Control System Simulator (GPL)]
*[http://sailaway.sourceforge.net/ Solar Sail structure and flight simulator (GPL)]
*[http://sourceforge.net/projects/savi SaVi satellite constellation visualizer (BSD License)]
*[http://rocketworkbench.sourceforge.net/ Rocket Workbench Project (GPL)]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/2010/http://users.cybercity.dk/~dko7904/cpropepshell/cpropepshell.htm CpropepShell. Compute propellant performance. (Open* License)]

==Computer Aided Design (CAD) Software==
*[http://brlcad.org/ BRL-CAD]
*[http://www.blender3d.org/ Blender]
** [http://projects.blender.org/projects/blendercad/ Blender CAD]
** [http://blenderartists.org/forum/showthread.php?t=75139 Procad]
*[http://openscad.org/ OpenSCAD]
*[http://www.pythoncad.org/ Python CAD]
*[http://www.tech.oru.se/cad/varkon/whatis.htm VARKON]
*[http://www.opencascade.org/ OpenCASCADE]
*[http://sourceforge.net/projects/free-cad/ FreeCAD]
*[http://sourceforge.net/projects/arquimedes/ Archimedes]
*[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Free_computer-aided_design_software Wikipedia Free CAD Software Listing]
*[http://www.linux.org/apps/all/Graphics/CAD/CAM.html Linux.org CAD/CAM Software Listing]

==Computer vision software==
*[http://opencv.willowgarage.com/wiki/ OpenCV (BSD license)]
*[http://ti.arc.nasa.gov/project/nasa-vision-workbench/ NASA Vision Workbench (NOSA license)]

==Spreadsheets and Office Software==
Because sometimes all you need is a good spreadsheet...
*[http://www.libreoffice.org LibreOffice (LGPL v.3)] Includes the Calc spreadsheet as part of a complete office suite.
*[http://www.gnome.org/projects/gnumeric/ Gnumeric (GPL)] GNOME project spreadsheet.
*[http://www.wikicalc.org/products/wikicalc/ wikiCalc (GPL)] Online spreadsheet system that allows users to edit in a wiki-like fashion.
*[http://live.gnome.org/Dia Dia (GPL)] GNOME project diagramming software. Useful for system diagrams, schematics, etc.

==Finite Element Modeling / Analysis and Computational Fluid Dynamics Software==
* [http://www.dune-project.org DUNE (GPL with runtime exception)] a modular toolbox for solving partial differential equations (PDEs) on parallel adaptive grids with finite element, finite volume, or finite difference
* [http://impact.sourceforge.net/ Impact (GPL)] Dynamic finite element suite
* [http://code-aster.org Code_Aster] Finite element modeling software
* [http://www.salome-platform.org/ SALOME (LGPL)] Platform for Pre and Post-Processing for numerical simulation.
* [http://www.csc.fi/elmer/ Elmer] Finite Element Software for Multiphysical Problems
* [http://www.geuz.org/gmsh/ Gmsh] A three-dimensional finite element mesh generator with built-in pre- and post-processing facilities
* [http://openfvm.sourceforge.net/ OpenFVM] A general three-dimensional CFD solver that uses Gmsh for pre- and post-processing
* [http://www.palabos.org/ Palabos] A lattice Boltzmann based CFD solver including turbulence modeling, thermal, multi-phase, and free-surface flow, and embedded particles.
* [http://www.calculix.de/ Calculix] A FEM program with interactive graphics

==Numerical Programming Languages and Visualization Software==
*[http://www.gnu.org/software/octave/ Octave (GPL)] A high-level language, primarily intended for numerical computations, using a language that is mostly compatible with Matlab
*[http://octave.sourceforge.net/ Package of Additional Octave Libraries]
*[http://www.sagemath.org/ SAGE (GPL)] Open source alternative to Magma, Maple, Mathematica and Matlab
*[http://ascend.cheme.cmu.edu/ ASCEND modelling environment]
*[http://www.opendx.org/ OpenDX (IBM)] Visualization Software
*[http://freshmeat.net/browse/135/ Freshmeat.net Visualization Software Listing]
*[https://wci.llnl.gov/codes/visit/ VisIt (BSD)] Visualization/Graphical Analysis
*[http://englab.bugfest.net/ EngLab (GPL)] Engineering mathematical platform
*[http://www.scilab.org/ SciLab (CeCILL license)] Numerical computation platform
*[http://worldwindcentral.com/ WorldWind (NOSA)] Geographic information visualization software (including Earth and Mars)
*[http://numpy.scipy.org/ Numpy/Scipy] Fast Numerical Computation Platform for Python.

==Software Engineering==
*[http://www.tigris.org/ Tigris] Website dedicated to open source software engineering tools

==Electronic Design Automation (EDA)==
* http://www.opencollector.org/collector.php
*[http://www.eetimes.com/news/design/resources/opensourcelinks.html EETimes.com Open Source EDA Listing by EETimes.com]
*[http://freshmeat.net/browse/246/ Freshmeat.net Electronic Design Automation Listing]
*[http://www.geda.seul.org/ GEDA. Free, open sourced ensemble of EDA packages. Schamatic, PCB, FPGA, project organizer.]
*[http://www.freepcb.com/ FREE PCB. Free, open sourced PCB layout package with autorouter. Windows only.]
*[http://tinycad.sourceforge.net/ Tinycad. Free, open sourced schematic package. Windows only.]
*[http://www.lis.inpg.fr/realise_au_lis/kicad/ KiCAD. Open sourced EDM package capture, PCB, DRC, Sim, Windows and Linux.]

==Communications and Ground Station Software==
*[http://groundstation.sourceforge.net/ Ground Station Software Suite] Aims to provide a set of open source tools for ham radio operators
*[http://www.qsl.net/kd2bd/predict.html PREDICT (GPL)] Multi-user satellite tracking and orbital prediction program
*[http://www.gnu.org/software/gnuradio/ Open Source Software Radio (GPL)] May have some relevance for software defined radios on spacecraft

==Systems Engineering Software==

*[http://protoforge.org Protoforge (GPL)] Web-based systems engineering platform for opnn, wiki-style, system development.

==Additional Listings==
*[http://www.icivilengineer.com/Open_Source/ iCivilEngineer.com Open Source Civil Engineering Tools Listing]
*[http://sal.linet.gr.jp/index.shtml Scientific Applications on Linux Listing] A collection of information and links to software of interest to scientists and engineers
*Freshmeat.net Scientific/Engineering Software Listings (beyond those included above)
**[http://freshmeat.net/browse/1127/ Physics]
**[http://freshmeat.net/browse/98/ Mathematics]
**[http://freshmeat.net/browse/813/ Chemistry]
*Wikipedia Software Listings (beyond those included above)
**[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Free_science_software Science]
**[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Free_mathematics_software Mathematics]
*[http://www.linux.org/apps/all/Office/CAE.html Linux.org Computer Aided Engineering software Listing]

=Scientific and Engineering Linux Distributions=
* [http://caelinux.com CAELinux] Linux distribution (LiveCD) with a series of open source CAE tools including SALOME and Code-Aster
* [http://dirk.eddelbuettel.com/quantian.html Quantian] Linux distribution (LiveCD) tailored to numerical and quantitative analysis

=Free Engineering Websites (Discipline Specific)=
*http://www.epower-propulsion.com/
*http://www.efluids.com/
*http://www.emicronano.com/
*http://imechanica.org
*http://www.cesdb.com/
*http://nisee.berkeley.edu/software/
*http://www.cfd-online.com/

=Articles Related to Open Source Space Software=
*[http://www-128.ibm.com/developerworks/linux/library/l-sat/?t=gr,lnxw01=OSsat Open Source Satellite Control]
*[http://www.onlamp.com/pub/a/onlamp/2006/03/30/software-of-space-exploration.html Software of Space Exploration by David Boswell]

Astrodynamics Library

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=General Astrodynamics=

*[https://web.archive.org/web/2016/http://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/casi.ntrs.nasa.gov/19630001631_1963001631.pdf CELESTIAL MECHANICS AND SPACE FLIGHT ANALYSIS, NASA-SP-15 (PDF)] [Gates et al., 1962]

==Gravity Assist==

*[https://web.archive.org/web/2016/http://trs-new.jpl.nasa.gov/dspace/bitstream/2014/35698/1/93-1421.pdf Maneuver Design for the Galileo VEEGA Trajectory, AAS-93-566] [1993] VEEGA stands for Venus-Earth-Earth-Gravity-Assist

=Earth orbit missions=

==NASA Orbital Flight Handbook==

*[https://web.archive.org/web/2016/http://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/casi.ntrs.nasa.gov/19630011221_1963011221.pdf SPACE FLIGHT HANDBOOKS. VOLUME I- ORBITAL FLIGHT HANDBOOK, PART 1 - BASIC TECHNIQUES AND DATA, NASA-SP-33, Part 1 (PDF)] [Kraft, Townsend, 1963]

*[https://web.archive.org/web/2016/http://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/casi.ntrs.nasa.gov/19630011222_1963011222.pdf SPACE FLIGHT HANDBOOKS. VOLUME I- ORBITAL FLIGHT HANDBOOK, PART 2 - MISSION SEQUENCING PROBLEMS, NASA-SP-33, Part 2 (PDF)] [Kraft, Townsend, 1963]

=Lunar Missions=

==NASA Lunar Flight Handbook==

*[https://web.archive.org/web/2016/http://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/casi.ntrs.nasa.gov/19630011224_1963011224.pdf SPACE FLIGHT HANDBOOKS. VOLUME 2- LUNAR FLIGHT HANDBOOK. PART 1 - BACKGROUND MATERIAL, NASA-SP-34, PT. 1 (PDF)] [1963]

*[https://web.archive.org/web/2016/http://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/casi.ntrs.nasa.gov/19630011225_1963011225.pdf SPACE FLIGHT HANDBOOKS. VOLUME 2- LUNAR FLIGHT HANDBOOK PART 2 - LUNAR MISSION PHASES, NASA-SP-34, PT. 2 (PDF)] [1963]

*[https://web.archive.org/web/2016/http://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/casi.ntrs.nasa.gov/19630011226_1963011226.pdf SPACE FLIGHT HANDBOOKS. VOLUME 2- LUNAR FLIGHT HANDBOOK. PART 3 - MISSION PLANNING, NASA-SP-34, PT. 3 (PDF)] [1963]

=Planetary Missions=

==NASA Planetary Flight Handbook==

*[https://web.archive.org/web/2016/http://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/casi.ntrs.nasa.gov/19640004262_1964004262.pdf Space flight handbooks. volume 3- planetary flight handbook, NASA-SP-35, Part 1 (PDF)] [Ross, 1963]

*[https://web.archive.org/web/2016/http://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/casi.ntrs.nasa.gov/19660011756_1966011756.pdf Space Flight Handbook. Volume III - Planetary Flight Handbook. Part 5 - Trajectories to Jupiter, Ceres, and Vesta, NASA-SP-35, Part 5 (PDF)] [Ross, 1965] Handbook of trajectory data for flights to Jupiter and the asteroids Ceres and Vesta

==General planetary Flybys==

*[https://web.archive.org/web/2016/http://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/casi.ntrs.nasa.gov/19690005335_1969005335.pdf Flight trajectories around planets with return to earth, NASA-CR-98693 (PDF)] [1969]

==Trajectories to and from Mars==

===Mars flyby trajectories===

*[[:image:Multiple_planet_flyby_missions_to_Venus_and_Mars_in_1975_to_1980_time_period.pdf|Multiple planet flyby missions to Venus and Mars in 1975 to 1980 time period]] [NASA/TM X-53511, 1966] Powered and free-return Venus-Mars flyby trajectories from 1975 - 1980

===Mars stopover trajectories===

*[[:image:Round-trip_trajectories_with_stopovers_at_both_Mars_and_Venus.pdf|Round-trip trajectories with stopovers at both Mars and Venus]] [NASA TN D-5758, 1970]

*[[:image:Interplanetary_Mission_Design_Handbook_Earth-to-Mars_Mission_Opportunities_and_Mars-to-Earth_Return_Opportunities_2009-2024.pdf|Interplanetary Mission Design Handbook Earth-to-Mars Mission Opportunities and Mars-to-Earth Return Opportunities 2009-2024]] [NASA/TM-1998-208533, 1998] Summary of Earth-to-Mars and Mars-to-Earth trajectories for piloted and cargo missions in the 2009-2024 timeframe; includes information on C3 energy and declination of Mars/ Earth arrival and departure

Reference Library

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The DevelopSpace reference library catalogs relevant information for space systems development. The library will be expanded over time with the aim towards providing a comprehensive set of information for the technical aspects of space activities.

Current content:
*[[Human space exploration library]]
*[[Robotic Space Exploration Library]]
*[[Subsystem Technology and Design Library]]
*[[Astrodynamics Library]]
*[[Open Source Engineering Tools]]

Robotic Space Exploration Library

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=Robotic Exploration of Mars=

==US Robotic Mars Exploration Program==

===1975: Viking 1 and 2===

*[https://web.archive.org/web/2008/http://www.hq.nasa.gov/office/pao/History/SP-4212/contents.html On Mars: Exploration of the Red Planet. 1958-1978, NASA-SP-4212]

===1996: Mars Global Surveyor===

*[https://web.archive.org/web/2008/http://mpfwww.jpl.nasa.gov/mgs/ JPL Mars Global Surveyor mission website] [JPL, 2007]

*[https://web.archive.org/web/2008/http://www.jpl.nasa.gov/news/fact_sheets/mgs.pdf Mars Global Surveyor fact sheet]

*[https://web.archive.org/web/2008/http://www2.jpl.nasa.gov/files/misc/mgsarriv.pdf Mars Global Surveyor arrival press kit] [JPL, September 1997]

===1996: Mars Pathfinder (and Sojourner)===

*[https://web.archive.org/web/2008/http://mpfwww.jpl.nasa.gov/default.html Mars Pathfinder website archive at JPL] [JPL, 2007]

*[https://web.archive.org/web/2008/http://www.jpl.nasa.gov/news/fact_sheets/mpf.pdf Mars Pathfinder fact sheet] [JPL, 1999]

*[ftp://ftp.hq.nasa.gov/pub/pao/presskit/1997/mpflanhq.pdf Mars Pathfinder landing press kit][JPL, 1997]

*[https://web.archive.org/web/2008/http://www.jpl.nasa.gov/news/press_kits/m96pkt.pdf 1996 Mars mission press kit] [NASA, 1996] Includes sections on Mars Global Surveyor, Mars Pathfinder, and the Russian Mars '96 mission

===2001: Mars Odyssey orbiter===

*[https://web.archive.org/web/2008/http://mars.jpl.nasa.gov/odyssey/mission/ JPL Mars Odyssey mission website] [JPL, 2007]

*[https://web.archive.org/web/2008/http://mars.jpl.nasa.gov/odyssey/newsroom/presskits/odysseyarrival1.pdf Mars Odyssey arrival press kit] [JPL, 2001]

*[https://web.archive.org/web/2008/http://mars.jpl.nasa.gov/odyssey/newsroom/presskits/odysseylaunch.pdf Mars Odyssey launch press kit] [JPL, 2001]

===2003: Mars Exploration Rovers (MER)===

*[https://web.archive.org/web/2008/http://marsrovers.jpl.nasa.gov/home/index.html JPL Mars Science Laboratory website] [JPL, 2007]

*[https://web.archive.org/web/2008/http://www.nasa.gov/pdf/44804main_merlaunch.pdf MER launch press kit (PDF)] [JPL, 2003]

*[https://web.archive.org/web/2008/http://marsrovers.nasa.gov/newsroom/merlandings.pdf MER landing press kit (PDF)] [JPL, 2004]

===2007: Mars Phoenix Lander===

*[https://web.archive.org/web/2008/http://phoenix.lpl.arizona.edu/pdf/phoenix_launch_presskit.pdf Phoenix lander lanuch press kit (PDF)] [NASA, 2007]

===2009: Mars Science Laboratory (MSL)===

*[https://web.archive.org/web/2008/http://mars.jpl.nasa.gov/msl/ JPL Mars Science Laboratory website] [JPL, 2007]

=Robotic Exploration of the Outer Solar System=

==Galileo to Jupiter==

*[https://web.archive.org/web/2008/http://www2.jpl.nasa.gov/galileo/ JPL Galileo mission website] [JPL, 2003]

==Cassini-Huygens to Saturn==

*[https://web.archive.org/web/2008/http://saturn.jpl.nasa.gov/home/index.cfm JPL Cassini mission website] [JPL, 2007]

=Interstellar Robotic Exploration=

*[https://web.archive.org/web/2008/http://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/casi.ntrs.nasa.gov/19890007533_1989007533.pdf Project Longshot - An Unmanned Probe to Alpha Centauri, NASA-CR-184718 (PDF)] [US Naval Academy, 1988]

Human space exploration library

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=General References=

* [https://web.archive.org/web/2011/http://www.aas.org/dps/frs/The%20Next%20Fifty%20Years.pdf Human Space Exploration: The Next 50 Years] [AAS, 2007] Edited draft of a speech by NASA Administrator Mike Griffin

=Human Space Exploration Architecture Studies=

==Human Space Exploration Policy and Program Strategy==

===NASA FY2011 Budget Request===

*[https://web.archive.org/web/2011/http://www.nasa.gov/news/budget/index.html NASA FY2011 budget request website] [NASA, February 2010]

* [https://web.archive.org/web/2011/http://www.nasa.gov/pdf/420990main_FY_201_%20Budget_Overview_1_Feb_2010.pdf NASA FY2011 Budget Request Overview (PDF)] [NASA, February 2010]

* [https://web.archive.org/web/2011/http://www.nasa.gov/pdf/428356main_Exploration.pdf FY2011 Exploration Systems budget request (PDF)] [NASA, February 2010]

* [https://web.archive.org/web/2011/http://www.nasa.gov/pdf/428432main_Space_Operations.pdf FY2011 Space Operations budget request (PDF)] [NASA, February 2010]

* [https://web.archive.org/web/2011/http://www.nasa.gov/pdf/428439main_Space_technology.pdf Space Technology budget request (PDF)] [NASA, February 2010]

=== Review of US Human Spaceflight Plans Committee (Augustine Committee) [2009]===

* [https://web.archive.org/web/2011/http://www.nasa.gov/offices/hsf/home/index.html Website of the Augustine Committee] [NASA, 2009]

* [https://web.archive.org/web/2011/http://www.nasa.gov/pdf/397898main_HSF_Cmte_FinalReport_High.pdf Final Report of the Augustine Committee (PDF)] [NASA, 2009]

===Global Exploration Strategy (GES) Framework===

*[https://web.archive.org/web/2011/http://www.nasa.gov/pdf/178109main_ges_framework.pdf GES Framework Document (PDF)] [May 31, 2007] Non-binding strategy document of 14 space agencies, including NASA, ESA, CSA, JAXA, Roscosmos, DLR, CNES, and others; the framework represents the result of discussions between the space agencies which have been ongoing since 2006.

===ESA Exploration Strategy===

*[https://web.archive.org/web/2011/http://www.nasa.gov/pdf/259221main_NASA_ESA_CAA-Report.pdf NASA / ESA comparative architecture assessment (PDF)] [July 2008] Features different scenarios of ESA contributions to NASA's implementation of the Vision for Space Exploration; based on the Global Exploration Strategy framework.

===US Vision for Space Exploration (VSE) [2004]===

* [https://web.archive.org/web/2011/http://www.whitehouse.gov/space/renewed_spirit.html A Renewed Spirit of Discovery: The President's Vision for U.S. Space Exploration] [2004]

* [https://web.archive.org/web/2011/http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/constellation/news/ESAS_report.html NASA Exploration System Architecture Study] [2005]

===US Space Exploration Initiative (SEI) [1989]===

* [https://web.archive.org/web/2011/http://history.nasa.gov/sei.htm SEI site at NASA History Division]

* [https://web.archive.org/web/2011/http://bushlibrary.tamu.edu/research/public_papers.php?id=712&year=1989&month=all] [July 20, 1989]

* [https://web.archive.org/web/2011/http://history.nasa.gov/staffordrep/main_toc.PDF America at the Threshold (Stafford Report)] [May 1991] Report of the Synthesis Group on America's Space Exploration Initiative

===US Pre-SEI Studies [1980s]===

* [https://web.archive.org/web/2011/http://history.nasa.gov/riderep/main.PDF NASA Leadership and America's Future in Space (Ride Report)] [1987]

==Human Lunar Exploration Architecture Studies==

A list of references for human lunar exploration architecture studies is provided [[Human Lunar Exploration Architecture Studies|here]].

==Human Mars Exploration Architecture Studies==

A list of human Mars exploration architecture studies is provided [[Human Mars Exploration Architecture Studies|here]].

==Human Near-Earth-Object (NEO) Exploration Architecture Studies==

Near-Earth Object, i.e. comets and asteriods that have heliocentric orbits very close to that of the Earth (in some cases crossing that of the Earth), represent interesting targets for human exploration for a number of reasons, among others: they are scientifically interesting and offer an opportunity for sample return, and a mission to a NEO has value as preparation for human Mars missions. Related to NASA's Project Constellation a number of studies have been carried out to assess opportunities for carrying out human missions to NEOs using Constellation hardware.

*[https://web.archive.org/web/2011/http://www.digitalspace.com/projects/neo-mission/docs/AIAA_07_CEVtoNEO_Abstract.pdf A Piloted Orion Flight to a Near Earth Object: a Feasibility Study (PDF)] [Landis et al., 2007]

*[https://web.archive.org/web/2011/http://www.digitalspace.com/projects/neo-mission/docs/Paul_LPSC2007%20(2_figs)%20poster.pdf Poster: Scientific Exploration of Near-Earth Objects via the Crew Exploration Vehicle (PDF)] [Abell et al., 2007]

==Human Venus Exploration Architecture Studies==

A list of references for human Venus exploration architecture studies is provided [[Human Venus Exploration Architecture Studies|here]].

=Ongoing Human Spaceflight Programs=

==NASA Multi-Program Integrated Milestones (MPIM)==

*[https://web.archive.org/web/2011/http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/station/structure/iss_manifest.html NASA Consolidated Launch Manifest for missions to the International Space Station] [NASA, 2010]

* [https://web.archive.org/web/2011/http://www.floridatoday.com/content/blogs/space/MPIM09Q2.pdf NASA MPIM-rev-FY2009-Q2 (PDF)] [NASA, FY 2009 Q2]

*[https://web.archive.org/web/2011/http://www.nasa.gov/pdf/226900main_MPIM-rev-FY2008-Q3.pdf NASA MPIM-rev-FY2008-Q3 (PDF)] [NASA, FYQ3 2008]

*[https://web.archive.org/web/2011/http://www.nasa.gov/pdf/182032main_MPIM-rev-2007-07-10-01.pdf NASA MPIM-rev-2007-07-10-01] [NASA, July 2007]

*[https://web.archive.org/web/2011/http://images.spaceref.com/news/2007/MPIM-rev-2007-04.m.pdf NASA MPIM-rev-2007-04] [NASA, March 2007]

*[https://web.archive.org/web/2011/http://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/casi.ntrs.nasa.gov/20070021775_2007019847.pdf Space Shuttle Strategic Planning Status] [NASA, 2007]

*[https://web.archive.org/web/2011/http://www.hq.nasa.gov/osf/tran_plan.pdf Human Space Flight Transition Plan] [NASA, 2006]

==NASA New Exploration Enterprise (since February 2010)==

Based on the President's FY 2011 budget request for NASA and the cancellation of the Constellation program contained therein, a new exploration enterprise has been created at NASA's Exploration Systems Mission Directorate. The main program elements of the new exploration enterprise are (1) a Heavy Lift & Propulsion Technology (HL&PT) program, (2) a Flagship Technology Demonstrations (FTD) program, (3) a Explorations Precursor Robotic Missions (xPRM) program, a (4) Exploration Technology Development & Demonstration (ETDD) program, a (5) Commercial Crew (CC) program, and a (6) Participatory Exploration (PE) program.

* [https://web.archive.org/web/2011/http://www.nasa.gov/news/budget/index.html NASA 2011 budget website] [NASA, February 2010]

* [https://web.archive.org/web/2011/http://www.nasa.gov/pdf/420990main_FY_201_%20Budget_Overview_1_Feb_2010.pdf NASA FY 2011 Budget Overview (PDF)] [NASA, February 2011]

* [https://web.archive.org/web/2011/http://www.nasa.gov/exploration/new_space_enterprise/home/workshop_home.html NASA Exploration Enterprise Workshop Proceedings] [Galveston, May 2010]

* [https://web.archive.org/web/2011/http://www.nasa.gov/pdf/457412main_EEWS_ANewSpaceEnterprise.pdf Overview of the New Exploration Enterprise (PDF)] [Douge Cooke, May 2010]

===Exploration Technology Development & Demonstration (ETDD) Program===

* [https://web.archive.org/web/2011/http://www.nasa.gov/pdf/457438main_EEWS_EnablingTechnologyDevelopmentandDemonstration.pdf Overview of the Exploration Technology Development & Demonstration (ETDD) Program (PDF)] [Chris Moore, May 2010]

*[https://web.archive.org/web/2011/http://prod.nais.nasa.gov/cgi-bin/eps/synopsis.cgi?acqid=141195 Exploration Technology Development & Demonstration (ETDD) RFI] [NASA, May 2010]

===Heavy Lift & Propulsion Technology (HL&PT) Program===

* [https://web.archive.org/web/2011/http://www.nasa.gov/pdf/457440main_EEWS_HeavyLiftandPropulsionTechnologies.pdf Overview of the Heavy Lift & Propulsion Technology (HL&PT) Program (PDF)] [Cris Guidi, May 2010]

*[https://web.archive.org/web/2011/http://prod.nais.nasa.gov/cgi-bin/eps/synopsis.cgi?acqid=141087 Heavy Lift & Propulsion Technology (HL&PT) RFI] [NASA, May 2010]

===Flagship Technology Demonstrations (FTD) Program===

*[https://web.archive.org/web/2011/http://www.nasa.gov/pdf/457439main_EEWS_FlagshipTechnologyDemonstrations.pdf Overview of the Flagship Technology Demonstrations (FTD) Program (PDF)] [Mike Conely, May 2010]

*[https://web.archive.org/web/2011/http://prod.nais.nasa.gov/cgi-bin/eps/synopsis.cgi?acqid=141292 Flagship Technology Demonstrations (FTD) RFI] [NASA, May 2010]

*[https://web.archive.org/web/2011/http://www.nasa.gov/pdf/458817main_FTD_IntroductionToTheMissionAndTechnologies.pdf Introduction to the Mission and Technologies (PDF)] [Michael G. Conley, May 2010]

*[https://web.archive.org/web/2011/http://www.nasa.gov/pdf/458813main_FTD_AutomatedAutonomousRendezvousAndDockingVehicleOverview.pdf Automated/Autonomous Rendezvous & Docking Vehicle (ARDV) Overview (PDF)] [Craig Tooley, Tim Crain, Jack Brazzel, May 2010]

*[https://web.archive.org/web/2011/http://www.nasa.gov/pdf/458818main_FTD_SolarElectricPropulsionStage.pdf Solar Electric Propulsion Stage (PDF)] [Michael Patterson, May 2010]

*[https://web.archive.org/web/2011/http://www.nasa.gov/pdf/458814main_FTD_CRYOGENICPropellantSTorageAndTransferMission.pdf CRYOGENIC Propellant STorage And Transfer (CRYOSTAT) Mission (PDF)] [Stephan Davis, May 2010]

*[https://web.archive.org/web/2011/http://www.nasa.gov/pdf/458816main_FTD_InflatableModuleMission.pdf Inflatable Module Mission (PDF)] [Tony Sang, Gary Spexarth, May 2010]

*[https://web.archive.org/web/2011/http://www.nasa.gov/pdf/458815main_FTD_EnvironmentControlAndLifeSupport.pdf Environment Control and Life Support (ECLS) (PDF)] [Derek Neumeyer, May 2010]

*[https://web.archive.org/web/2011/http://www.nasa.gov/pdf/458812main_FTD_AerocaptureEntryDescentAndLanding.pdf Aerocapture, Entry, Descent & Landing (PDF)] [Michelle Munk, May 2010]

===Explorations Precursor Robotic Missions (xPRM) Program===

* [https://web.archive.org/web/2011/http://www.nasa.gov/pdf/457443main_EEWS_ExplorationsPrecursorRoboticMissions.pdf Overview of the Explorations Precursor Robotic Missions (xPRM) Program (PDF)] [Jay Jenkins, May 2010]

*[https://web.archive.org/web/2011/http://prod.nais.nasa.gov/cgi-bin/eps/synopsis.cgi?acqid=141491 Explorations Precursor Robotic Missions (xPRM) RFI] [NASA, May 2010]

===Commercial Crew (CC) Program===

* [https://web.archive.org/web/2011/http://www.nasa.gov/pdf/457442main_EEWS_CommercialCrew.pdf Overview of the Commercial Crew (CC) Program (PDF)] [Phil McAlister, May 2010]

*[https://web.archive.org/web/2011/http://prod.nais.nasa.gov/cgi-bin/eps/synopsis.cgi?acqid=141517 Commercial Crew (CC) RFI] [NASA, May 2010]

===Participatory Exploration (PE) Program===

* [https://web.archive.org/web/2011/http://www.nasa.gov/pdf/457441main_EEWS_ParticipatoryExploration.pdf Overview of the Participatory Exploration (PE) Program (PDF)] [Kathy Nado, May 2010]

==NASA Commercial Orbital Transportation Services (COTS) and Commercial Crew Development (CCDev) Programs==

*[https://web.archive.org/web/2011/http://www.nasa.gov/offices/c3po/home/ NASA Commercial Crew and Cargo website] [NASA, 2010]

*[https://web.archive.org/web/2011/http://www.nasa.gov/offices/c3po/partners/ccdev_info.html NASA CCDev Program website] [NASA, 2010]

===SpaceX COTS and CCDev Projects===

* [https://web.archive.org/web/2011/http://www.spacex.com/dragon.php SpaceX Dragon overview] [SpaceX 2007]

* [https://web.archive.org/web/2011/http://www.spacex.com/falcon9.php SpaceX Falcon 9 overview] [SpaceX 2007]

* [https://web.archive.org/web/2011/http://www.spacex.com/downloads/spacex-brochure.pdf SpaceX brochure (PDF)] [SpaceX 2009] Overview of all SpaceX products and services

* [https://web.archive.org/web/2011/http://www.spacex.com/downloads/dragonlab-datasheet.pdf DragonLab datasheet (PDF)] [SpaceX 2009] Overview of Dragon spacecraft capabilities

* [https://web.archive.org/web/2011/http://www.spacex.com/Falcon9UsersGuide_2009.pdf Falcon 9 user's guide (PDF)] [SpaceX 2009] Overview of Falcon 9 launch vehicle operations and capabilities

*[https://web.archive.org/web/2011/http://www.spacex.com/downloads/cots1-20101206.pdf SpaceX COTS 1 Demo mission press kit] [SpaceX, 2010]

===Orbital Sciences Corporation COTS and CCDev Projects===

*[https://web.archive.org/web/2011/http://www.orbital.com/NewsInfo/release.asp?prid=756 Press release: Orbital Submits Proposal for NASA's Commercial Crew Development Program] [Orbital Sciences Corporation, 2010]

*[https://web.archive.org/web/2011/http://www.orbital.com/CargoResupplyServices/ Updates on the Cygnus spacecraft development] [Orbital, 2010]

*[https://web.archive.org/web/2011/http://www.orbital.com/NewsInfo/Publications/Cygnus_fact.pdf Cygnus spacecraft factsheet (PDF)] [Orbital 2010]

*[https://web.archive.org/web/2011/http://www.orbital.com/TaurusII/ Updates on the Taurus II launch vehicle development] [Orbital 2010]

*[https://web.archive.org/web/2011/http://www.orbital.com/NewsInfo/Publications/TaurusII_Fact.pdf Taurus II launch vehicle fact sheet] [Orbital 2010]

===Boeing CST-100 Project===

*[https://web.archive.org/web/2011/http://boeing.mediaroom.com/index.php?s=43&item=1323 Boeing press release] [Farnborough, July 2010]

===SpaceDev DreamChaser Project===

Under Construction...

===Blue Origin New Shepard Project===

Under construction...

===Space Act Agreements===

*[https://web.archive.org/web/2011/http://www.nasa.gov/centers/johnson/pdf/162330main_SPACE_ACT_AGREEMENT_FOR_COTS.pdf Space Act Agreements between NASA and Rocketplane Kister and SpaceX (PDF, 5MB)] [2006] Includes an overview of the technical solution of each of the teams.

==NASA Constellation Program==

The Constellation program is supposed to be canceled based on the President's FY 2011 budget proposal for NASA. The Orion project is supposed to be transferred to the new exploration enterprise with a modified goal to develop an Orion-derived ISS lifeboat and Earth entry vehicle. Launch vehicle development efforts are supposed to be transferred to the new NASA heavy lift program.

* [https://web.archive.org/web/2011/http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/constellation/news/ESAS_report.html NASA Exploration System Architecture Study] [2005]

* NASA Lunar Lander RFI [2006]

* [https://web.archive.org/web/2011/http://www.nasa.gov/pdf/164310main_2nd_exp_conf_26_ExplorationStrategyArch_IntegratedLAT_CookeVolosinLavoie.pdf NASA Lunar Architecture Team Overview (PDF)] [2006]

==NASA Space Shuttle Program==

*[https://web.archive.org/web/2011/http://history.nasa.gov/SP-4221/contents.htm The Space Shuttle Decision, NASA-SP-4221] [NASA, 1999] Historical description of the design process for the space shuttle

*[https://web.archive.org/web/2011/http://history.nasa.gov/SP-432/contents.htm The Space Shuttle At Work, NASA-SP-432] [NASA, 1979] Description of anticipated space shuttle capabilities and mission scenarios prior to the first shuttle mission; interesting for comparing the expections for the shuttle program with what it has actually achieved.

===Space Shuttle===

* [https://web.archive.org/web/2011/http://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/casi.ntrs.nasa.gov/19810022734_1981022734.pdf NASA Space Shuttle News Reference (PDF)] [1981]

* [https://web.archive.org/web/2011/http://science.ksc.nasa.gov/shuttle/technology/sts-newsref/ Space Shuttle News Reference Manual (NASA)] [1988]

* [https://web.archive.org/web/2011/http://spaceflight.nasa.gov/shuttle/reference/shutref/ Shuttle Reference Manual (NASA)] [2002]

* [https://web.archive.org/web/2011/http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/shuttle/shuttlemissions/list_main.html List of Space Shuttle Missions (NASA)] [2006]

* [https://web.archive.org/web/2011/http://science.ksc.nasa.gov/shuttle/resources/orbiters/orbiters.html Overview of Orbiter Vehicles and Test Articles (NASA)] [2003]

* [https://web.archive.org/web/2011/http://history.nasa.gov/SP-4225/diagrams/shuttle/shuttle-diagram.htm Space Shuttle Diagrams (NASA)]

* [https://web.archive.org/web/2011/http://www.shuttlepresskit.com/index.html Shuttle Online Press Kit (NASA/Boeing/USA)]

* [https://web.archive.org/web/2011/http://history.nasa.gov/shuttleoverview1988/contents.htm National Space Transportation System - Overview (NASA)] [1988]

* [https://web.archive.org/web/2011/http://www.spaceflight.nasa.gov/shuttle/reference/green/ Shuttle Operational Data Book (NASA)] [2002]

* [https://web.archive.org/web/2011/http://klabs.org/DEI/Processor/shuttle/sp-504/contents.htm Space Shuttle Avionics System, NASA SP-504] [2004]

===Spacehab===

Under construction...

===Space Shuttle Accident Investigation Reports===

* [https://web.archive.org/web/2011/http://history.nasa.gov/rogersrep/genindex.htm Report of the Presidential Commission on the Space Shuttle Challenger Accident (Rogers Commission)] [1986]

* [https://web.archive.org/web/2011/http://history.nasa.gov/columbia/CAIB.html Columbia Accident Investigation Board (CAIB) Homepage] [2004]

==International Space Station (ISS)==

Under construction...

==European Space Agency (ESA) Programs==

===Spacelab (no longer in service)===

* [https://web.archive.org/web/2011/http://history.nasa.gov/EP-165/contents.htm Spacelab - An International Short-Stay Orbiting Laboratory]

* [https://web.archive.org/web/2011/http://liftoff.msfc.nasa.gov/shuttle/spacelab/ MSFC Spacelab Overview] [2000]

* [https://web.archive.org/web/2011/http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/shuttle/launch/spacelab_shuttle.html List of Spacelab Missions (NASA)] [2006]

===Columbus Laboratory===

The Columbus laboratory is one of the ESA contributions to the International Space Station Program.

*[https://web.archive.org/web/2011/http://www.spaceflight.esa.int/users/downloads/factsheets/fs002_11_colum.pdf Columbus fact sheet (PDF)] [ESA, 2007]

*[https://web.archive.org/web/2011/http://www.dlr.de/rd/Portaldata/28/Resources/dokumente/raumstation/Columbus.pdf Columbus Control Center overview (PDF)] [DLR, 2007]

===Automated Transfer Vehicle (ATV)===

The ATV resupply vessel is one of the ESA contributions to the International Space Station Program.

====Baseline ATV====

*[https://web.archive.org/web/2011/http://www.esa.int/esaMI/ATV/index.html ESA reference page for the ATV] [2007]

*[https://web.archive.org/web/2011/http://www.spaceflight.esa.int/users/downloads/factsheets/fs003_12_atv.pdf ATV design fact sheet (PDF)] [2007] Provides detailed information on geometrical and mass properties

*[https://web.archive.org/web/2011/http://esamultimedia.esa.int/docs/ATV_English_final_nov06.pdf ATV brochure (PDF)] [2006] Provides images and description; also shows ATV evolution concept with reentry capsule for up- and down-mass logistics

====ATV evolution====

*[https://web.archive.org/web/2011/http://www.spaceflight.esa.int/projects/index.cfm?act=default.page&level=11&page=776 ATV evolution options] Description of the various configurations that the ATV could be evolved into

*[https://web.archive.org/web/2011/http://esamultimedia.esa.int/docs/gsp/completed/C18303ExS.pdf Executive summary of EADS ATV evolution study (PDF)] [March 2005]

===Mars 500 Program===

*[https://web.archive.org/web/2011/http://www.esa.int/SPECIALS/Mars500/index.html ESA Mars 500 program website] [ESA, November 2009]

*[https://web.archive.org/web/2011/http://esamultimedia.esa.int/docs/Mars500/ESA_Mars500InfoKit.pdf ESA Mars 500 Program Information Kit (PDF)] [ESA, July 2009] Overview of the Mars 500 Program and the associated facilities

*[https://web.archive.org/web/2011/http://www.esa.int/SPECIALS/Mars500/SEMIS47CTWF_0.html ESA website for the 1st mission of the Mars 500 program (105-day mission)] [ESA, November 2009]

*[https://web.archive.org/web/2011/http://a1862.g.akamai.net/7/1862/14448/v1/esa.download.akamai.com/13452/Mars500CallforcandidatesOct09.pdf Call for Candidates for the 2nd mission of the Mars 500 program (520-day duration, simulating an opposition-class mission] [ESA, 2009]

==Japanese Space Exploration Agency (JAXA) Programs==

===JAXA HTV===

Under construction...

==Russian Programs==

===Soyuz===

Under construction...

===Progress===

Under construction...

==Chinese Programs==

Under construction...

=Past Human Spaceflight Programs=

==Mercury Program==

* [https://web.archive.org/web/2011/http://www-pao.ksc.nasa.gov/history/mercury/mercury.htm Mercury Program Overview (NASA-KSC)] [2003]

* [https://web.archive.org/web/2011/http://www.hq.nasa.gov/office/pao/History/diagrams/mercury.html Project Mercury Drawings and Technical Diagrams (NASA)] [2004]

* [https://web.archive.org/web/2011/http://www.hq.nasa.gov/pao/History/SP-4201/toc.htm This New Ocean: A History of Project Mercury NASA SP-4201] [1989]

* [https://web.archive.org/web/2011/http://history.nasa.gov/SP-4001/contents.htm Project Mercury - A Chronology, NASA SP-4001] [1963]

* [https://web.archive.org/web/2011/http://history.nasa.gov/SP-4003/toc.htm Space Medicine In Project Mercury, NASA SP-4003] [March 1965]

==Gemini Program==

* [https://web.archive.org/web/2011/http://www-pao.ksc.nasa.gov/history/gemini/gemini.htm Gemini Program Overview (NASA-KSC)] [2004]

* [https://web.archive.org/web/2011/http://www.hq.nasa.gov/office/pao/History/diagrams/gemini.html Project Gemini Drawings and Technical Diagrams (NASA)] [2004]

* [https://web.archive.org/web/2011/http://www.hq.nasa.gov/office/pao/History/SP-4203/toc.htm On The Shoulders of Titans: A History of Project Gemini NASA SP-4203] [1975]

* [https://web.archive.org/web/2011/http://history.nasa.gov/SP-4002/contents.htm Project Gemini Technology and Operations - A Chronology, NASA SP-4002] [September, 1968]

==Apollo Program==

A large body of literature exists for the Apollo program, in the technical, operational, program management and historical domains. The list below is a reference selection of sources relevant for systems architecture and design purposes; it is by no means intended to be comprehensive.

Please note: human spaceflight activities in the Skylab and ASTP programs (which were based on Apollo systems) are described in detail in separate sections below.

===General Apollo References===

*[https://web.archive.org/web/2011/http://www.hq.nasa.gov/office/pao/History/SP-350/cover.html Apollo expeditions to the Moon, NASA-SP-350] [NASA, 1975]

* [https://web.archive.org/web/2011/http://www-pao.ksc.nasa.gov/history/apollo/apollo.htm Apollo Program Overview (NASA-KSC)] [2005]

* [https://web.archive.org/web/2011/http://history.nasa.gov/alsj/APSR-JSC-09423.pdf Apollo Program Summary Report, JSC-09423 (PDF)] [1975]

* [https://web.archive.org/web/2011/http://www.hq.nasa.gov/office/pao/History/SP-4205/cover.html Chariots for Apollo, NASA SP-4205] [1979] General historical overview of the Apollo program

*[https://web.archive.org/web/2011/http://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/casi.ntrs.nasa.gov/20050199587_2005199665.pdf Project Apollo The Tough Decisions, NASA SP-2005-4537 (PDF)] [Seamans, 2005] Report reviews the major Mercury and then Gemini precursors for the Apollo mission program and its development and mission sequence.

* [https://web.archive.org/web/2011/http://www.hq.nasa.gov/alsj/frame.html Apollo Lunar Surface Journal] [2006] Focus on lunar landing missions and surface operations

* [https://web.archive.org/web/2011/http://history.nasa.gov/afj/ Apollo Flight Journal] [2005] Companion to the Apollo Lunar Surface Journal

* [https://web.archive.org/web/2011/http://history.nasa.gov/SP-4029/Apollo_00g_Table_of_Contents.htm Apollo by the Numbers, NASA SP-2000-4029] [2004]

* [https://web.archive.org/web/2011/http://ares.jsc.nasa.gov/HumanExplore/Exploration/EXLibrary/docs/ApolloCat/apollo.htm Catalog of Apollo Experiment Operations, NASA RP-1317] [1993]

===Apollo Launch Vehicles and Facilities===

* [https://web.archive.org/web/2011/http://history.msfc.nasa.gov/saturn_apollo/saturnv_press_kit.html Saturn V News Reference] [1967]

* [https://web.archive.org/web/2011/http://www.hq.nasa.gov/office/pao/History/SP-4204/cover.html Moonport: A History of Apollo Launch Facilities and Operations NASA SP-4204] [1978]

===Apollo Spacecraft===

* [https://web.archive.org/web/2011/http://www.hq.nasa.gov/office/pao/History/SP-4009/cover.htm The Apollo Spacecraft A Chronology, NASA SP-4009] [1962-1974]

* [https://web.archive.org/web/2011/http://www.hq.nasa.gov/office/pao/History/diagrams/apollo.html Apollo Spacecraft Technical Diagrams] [2004] Selected Apollo CSM, LM, SLA, and LES drawings.

*[https://web.archive.org/web/2011/http://history.nasa.gov/alsj/SM2A-03-BK-II-(1).pdf Apollo Operations Handbook - Block II Spacecraft - Volume 1: Spacecraft Description] [NASA Oct. 1969]

===Apollo Accident Investigation Reports===

* [https://web.archive.org/web/2011/http://history.nasa.gov/Apollo204/content.html Apollo 204 Review Board Final Report (Thompson Commission)] [1967] Report of the investigation board for the Apollo 1 accident.

* [https://web.archive.org/web/2011/http://history.nasa.gov/ap13rb/ap13index.htm Apollo 13 Review Board (Cortright Commission)] [1970] Documents associated with the Apollo 13 accident investigation.

===Apollo Mission Descriptions===

Detailed descriptions of the individual Apollo missions (crewed and uncrewed) can be found [[Apollo Mission Descriptions|here]].

==Skylab Program==

* [https://web.archive.org/web/2011/http://www-pao.ksc.nasa.gov/history/skylab/skylab.htm Skylab Overview (NASA-KSC)] [2003]

* [https://web.archive.org/web/2011/http://history.nasa.gov/diagrams/skylab.html Skylab Drawings and Technical Diagrams (NASA)] [2004]

* [https://web.archive.org/web/2011/http://history.nasa.gov/SP-400/contents.htm Skylab - Our First Space Station, NASA SP-400] [1977]

* [https://web.archive.org/web/2011/http://history.nasa.gov/SP-4011/contents.htm Skylab: A Chronology, NASA SP-4011] [1977]

* [https://web.archive.org/web/2011/http://www-lib.ksc.nasa.gov/lib/archives/apollo/pk/SKYLAB12PK.PDF Skylab 1 / Skylab 2 press kit (NASA)(PDF)] [1973]

* [https://web.archive.org/web/2011/http://www-lib.ksc.nasa.gov/lib/archives/apollo/pk/SKYLAB3PK.PDF Skylab 3 press kit (NASA)(PDF)] [1973]

* [https://web.archive.org/web/2011/http://www-lib.ksc.nasa.gov/lib/archives/apollo/pk/SKYLAB4PK.PDF Skylab 4 press kit (NASA)(PDF)] [1973]

==Apollo-Soyuz-Test-Project (ASTP)==

* [https://web.archive.org/web/2011/http://www-lib.ksc.nasa.gov/lib/archives/apollo/pk/soyuz.PDF ASTP press kit (NASA)(PDF)] [1975]

* [https://web.archive.org/web/2011/http://www-lib.ksc.nasa.gov/lib/archives/apollo/pk/ASTP2.PDF ASTP Program Information (NASA)(PDF)] [1975]

* [https://web.archive.org/web/2011/http://www.hq.nasa.gov/office/pao/History/diagrams/astp/apol_soyuz.htm ASTP Technical Diagrams (NASA)] [2004]

* [https://web.archive.org/web/2011/http://www.hq.nasa.gov/office/pao/History/SP-4209/toc.htm The Partnership: A History of the Apollo-Soyuz Test Project, NASA SP-4209] [1978]

==Soviet / Russian Space Stations==

*[https://web.archive.org/web/2011/http://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/casi.ntrs.nasa.gov/19870012563_1987012563.pdf Soviet space stations as analogs, second edition] [Bluth BJ, Helppie M, August 1986]

Subsystem Technology and Design Library

2025-06-14T19:11:32Z

DvlpSpc: Change weblinks to wayback machine

=General References=

*[https://web.archive.org/web/2011/http://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/casi.ntrs.nasa.gov/19650015024_1965015024.pdf Spacecraft systems, NASA-SP-65 (PDF)] [Abraham, 1965] Spacecraft systems, aerodynamics, power plants, loads, and propellant tank design

* [https://web.archive.org/web/2011/http://www.spacearium.com/staticpages/index.php?page=SP8000 NASA Space Vehicle Design Criteria, SP-8000] Good introductory references for spacecraft subsystem and mission design; may be somewhat outdated with regard to specific technologies due to publication dates (1960s and 1970s)

*[https://web.archive.org/web/2011/http://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/casi.ntrs.nasa.gov/19650015025_1965015025.pdf Spacecraft mechanical engineering, NASA-SP-66 (PDF)] [Adams, 1965]

=Structures and Materials=

*[https://web.archive.org/web/2011/http://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/casi.ntrs.nasa.gov/19630001644_1963001644.pdf STRUCTURES FOR SPACE OPERATIONS, NASA-SP-28 (PDF)] [Anderson, Brooks, Leonard, Mathauser, Runyan, 1962]

*[https://web.archive.org/web/2011/http://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/casi.ntrs.nasa.gov/19630001643_1963001643.pdf MATERIALS FOR SPACE EXPLORATION, NASA-SP-27 (PDF)] [Davis, Kemp, Pezdirtz, Probst, Roberts, 1962]

*[https://web.archive.org/web/2011/http://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/casi.ntrs.nasa.gov/19670029162_1967029162.pdf Structural design concepts, NASA-SP-5039 (PDF)] [Scipio, 1967] Structural design, reinforced and composite materials, and their applications

*[https://web.archive.org/web/2011/http://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/casi.ntrs.nasa.gov/20070031872_2007031894.pdf Lunar Lander Structural Design Studies at NASA Langley, AIAA Space 2007 conference paper (PDF)] [Wu, Chauncey, et al., 2006]

==Inflatable Habitat Structures==

*[https://web.archive.org/web/2011/http://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/casi.ntrs.nasa.gov/20050182969_2005179269.pdf Inflatable Habitats Technology Development (PDF)] [Kriss Kennedy, NASA-JSC, August 2000]

*[https://web.archive.org/web/2011/http://ocw.mit.edu/NR/rdonlyres/Aeronautics-and-Astronautics/16-891JSpace-Policy-SeminarSpring2003/5CEC73DA-6CAD-4FAD-95A9-8BC088239916/0/fender.pdf ISS Inflatable Habitat Overview, NASA (PDF)]

=Mechanisms=

*[https://web.archive.org/web/2011/http://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/casi.ntrs.nasa.gov/19720005742_1972005742.pdf Fifth Aerospace Mechanisms Symposium, NASA-SP-282 (PDF)] [GSFC, 1970] Conference proceedings on structural design principles and mechanical engineering methods for aerospace mechanisms used in orbital and space flights

=Rocket and Spacecraft Propulsion=

==Chemical Propulsion==

*[https://web.archive.org/web/2011/http://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/casi.ntrs.nasa.gov/19630001635_1963001635.pdf Rocket Propulsion, NASA-SP-19 (PDF)] [Ball et. al., 1962]

*[https://web.archive.org/web/2011/http://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/casi.ntrs.nasa.gov/19710019929_1971019929.pdf Design of liquid propellant rocket engines, NASA-SP-125 (PDF)] [Huang, Huzel, 1971] Excellent design-oriented introduction to liquid propellant rocket engine design, foreword by Wernher v. Braun

*[https://web.archive.org/web/2011/http://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/casi.ntrs.nasa.gov/19720026079_1972026079.pdf Liquid rocket propellant combustion instability, NASA-SP-194 (PDF)] [Harrje, Reardon (editors), 1971]

*[https://web.archive.org/web/2011/http://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/casi.ntrs.nasa.gov/19760015212_1976015212.pdf Pressurization systems for liquid rockets, NASA-SP-8112 (PDF)] [NASA, 1975]

*[https://web.archive.org/web/2011/http://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/casi.ntrs.nasa.gov/19940012023_1994012023.pdf Lunar lander and return propulsion system trade study, NASA-TP-3388 (PDF)] [Hurlbert at al., NASA-JSC, August 1993]

*[https://web.archive.org/web/2011/http://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/casi.ntrs.nasa.gov/20070001135_2007000449.pdf Settled Cryogenic Propellant Transfer, NASA TM-2006-214411] [November 2006]

==Advanced Propulsion==

===General Electric Propulsion===

*[https://web.archive.org/web/2011/http://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/casi.ntrs.nasa.gov/19630001638_1963001638.pdf Electric Propulsion for Spacecraft, NASA-SP-22 (PDF)] [Callaghan, 1962]

===General Nuclear Propulsion===

*[https://web.archive.org/web/2011/http://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/casi.ntrs.nasa.gov/19630001636_1963001636.pdf Nuclear Rocket Propulsion, NASA-SP-20 (PDF)] [Bogart et al., 1962]

*[https://web.archive.org/web/2011/http://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/casi.ntrs.nasa.gov/19930017719_1993017719.pdf Nuclear Propulsion Technical Interchange Meeting, Volume 1, NASA Conference Publication 10116] [1992]

*[https://web.archive.org/web/2011/http://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/casi.ntrs.nasa.gov/19930017762_1993017762.pdf Nuclear Propulsion Technical Interchange Meeting, Volume 2, NASA Conference Publication 10116] [1993]

===Nuclear Thermal Propulsion===

*[https://web.archive.org/web/2011/http://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/casi.ntrs.nasa.gov/19640019875_1964019875.pdf Introduction to nuclear propulsion - reactor thermal design, NAS8-5215] [1963]

*[https://web.archive.org/web/2011/http://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/casi.ntrs.nasa.gov/19890001573_1989001573.pdf Nuclear propulsion: A vital technology for the exploration of Mars and the planets beyond, NASA-TM-101354] [1988]

*[https://web.archive.org/web/2011/http://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/casi.ntrs.nasa.gov/19920001908_1992001908.pdf Analytical study of nozzle performance for nuclear thermal rockets, NASA-TM-105251 / AIAA-91-3578] [1991]

*[https://web.archive.org/web/2011/http://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/casi.ntrs.nasa.gov/19940017387_1994017387.pdf Performance assessment of low pressure nuclear thermal propulsion, NASA-TM-108433] [1993]

*[https://web.archive.org/web/2011/http://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/casi.ntrs.nasa.gov/19960001947_1996101947.pdf Nuclear Thermal Rocket vehicle design options for future NASA missions to the Moon and Mars, NASA-TM-107071 / AIAA-93-4170] [1995]

*[https://web.archive.org/web/2011/http://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/casi.ntrs.nasa.gov/19960002346_1996102346.pdf Human exploration and settlement of the Moon using LUNOX-augmented NTR propulsion, NASA-TM-107093] [1995]

*[https://web.archive.org/web/2011/http://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/casi.ntrs.nasa.gov/19990019002_1999011475.pdf Vehicle and Mission Design Options for the Human Exploration of Mars Phobos Using 'Bimodal' NTR and LANTR Propulsion, NASA/TM-1998-208834] [1998]

*[https://web.archive.org/web/2011/http://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/casi.ntrs.nasa.gov/20020022207_2002002907.pdf '2001 A Space Odyssey' Revisited The Feasibility of 24 Hour Commuter Flights to the Moon Using NTR Propulsion with LUNOX Afterburners, NASA/TM-1998-208830/Rev1] [2001]

*[https://web.archive.org/web/2011/http://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/casi.ntrs.nasa.gov/20060004766_2006003656.pdf Fabrication of High Temperature Cermet Materials for Nuclear Thermal Propulsion] [MSFC 2005]

*[https://web.archive.org/web/2011/http://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/casi.ntrs.nasa.gov/20060004773_2006003654.pdf SOLID SOLUTION CARBIDES ARE THE KEY FUELS FOR FUTURE NUCLEAR THERMAL PROPULSION] [MSFC 2005]

===Nuclear Electric Propulsion (NEP)===

*[https://web.archive.org/web/2011/http://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/casi.ntrs.nasa.gov/19920006801_1992006801.pdf Nuclear electric propulsion: An integral part of NASA's nuclear propulsion project, NASA-TM-105309] [1992]

*[https://web.archive.org/web/2011/http://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/casi.ntrs.nasa.gov/19940024330_1994024330.pdf Nuclear electric propulsion: A better, safer, cheaper transportation system for human exploration of Mars, NASA-TM-106406] [1994]

*[https://web.archive.org/web/2011/http://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/casi.ntrs.nasa.gov/20010109423_2001181426.pdf Prospects for Nuclear Electric Propulsion Using Closed-Cycle Magnetohydrodynamic Energy Conversion, NASA-TP-2001-211274] [2001]

===Solar Electric Propulsion===

*[https://web.archive.org/web/2011/http://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/casi.ntrs.nasa.gov/20070018819_2007018786.pdf Application of Solar-Electric Propulsion to Robotic Missions in Near-Earth Space] [Woodcock, Gordon R.; Dankanich, John, NASA MSFC, 2007]

*[https://web.archive.org/web/2011/http://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/casi.ntrs.nasa.gov/20060054118_2006256318.pdf High-Power Hall Thruster Designed for Exploration Applications] [Jacobson, David T., NASA GRC 2006]

*[https://web.archive.org/web/2011/http://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/casi.ntrs.nasa.gov/20060048184_2006249866.pdf Application of Solar-Electric Propulsion to Robotic and Human Missions in Near-Earth Space] [Woodcock, Gordon, NASA MSFC 2006]

*[https://web.archive.org/web/2011/http://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/casi.ntrs.nasa.gov/19930013804_1993013804.pdf Space transfer concepts and analysis for exploration missions. Implementation plan and element description document (draft final). Volume 4: Solar electric propulsion vehicle] [NASA, 1991]

*[https://web.archive.org/web/2011/http://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/casi.ntrs.nasa.gov/20090014765_2009013896.pdf Solar Electric Propulsion] [LaPointe, Michael, NASA MSFC 2006]

===Nuclear Pulse Propulsion===

Nuclear pulse propulsion as a means of achieving very high specific impulses (several thousand s) and high thrust at the same time was explored extensively during the 1950s and 1960s as part of Project Orion in the United States. Potential applications of nuclear pulse propulsion systems included human exploration of all parts of the solar system.

The following book by George Dyson (son of Freeman Dyson, one of the developers of Project Orion) provides an overview of Project Orion in its historical context:

*[https://web.archive.org/web/2011/http://www.amazon.com/Project-Orion-Story-Atomic-Spaceship/dp/0805072845/ref=sr_1_1?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1260107962&sr=8-1 Project Orion - The True Story of the Atomic Spaceship] [George Dyson, Henry Holt and Company, New York, 2002, ISBN: 0-80507284-5]

The following documents provide an overview of the technical capabilities of nuclear pulse propulsion systems:

*[https://web.archive.org/web/2011/http://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/casi.ntrs.nasa.gov/19760065935_1976065935.pdf Nuclear pulse vehicle study, NASA-CR-67367 (PDF)] [1965] Summary report, good overview

*[https://web.archive.org/web/2011/http://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/casi.ntrs.nasa.gov/19770085619_1977085619.pdf Nuclear pulse space vehicle study. Volume 3: Conceptual vehicle designs and operational systems, NASA-CR-60653 (PDF)] [Shipps, P. R., Sep 19, 1964]

*[https://web.archive.org/web/2011/http://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/casi.ntrs.nasa.gov/19660072847_1966072847.pdf Nuclear pulse space vehicle study. Volume IV - Mission velocity requirements and system comparisons, NASA-CR-74389 (PDF)] [Ehricke, K. A., et al., Feb 28, 1966]

===Variable Specific Impulse Magnetoplasma Rocket (VASIMIR)===

*[https://web.archive.org/web/2011/http://www.adastrarocket.com/SciAm2000.pdf The VASIMIR Rocket] [Chang-Diaz FR, November 2009] Overview of the VASIMIR concept

*[https://web.archive.org/web/2011/http://ston.jsc.nasa.gov/collections/TRS/_techrep/TP-1995-3539.pdf Rapid Mars Transits with Exhaust-Modulated Plasma Propulsion, NASA TP-1995-3539 (PDF)] [Chang-Diaz FR, Hsu MM, March 1995]

===Solar Sailing===

*[https://web.archive.org/web/2011/http://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/casi.ntrs.nasa.gov/20030093608_2003101292.pdf The Physics of Solar Sails, NAG8-1859] [2002]

==Conceptual Future Propulsion==

===Fusion and Antimatter Propulsion===

*[https://web.archive.org/web/2011/http://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/casi.ntrs.nasa.gov/20050160960_2005161052.pdf Realizing "2001: A Space Odyssey": Piloted Spherical Torus Nuclear Fusion Propulsion] [Williams, Craig H.; Dudzinski, Leonard A.; Borowski, Stanley K.; Juhasz, Albert J., NASA GRC 2005]

*[https://web.archive.org/web/2011/http://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/casi.ntrs.nasa.gov/19960020441_1996043322.pdf Comparison of Fusion Antiproton Propulsion Systems for Interplanetary Travel, NASA-TM-107030 / AIAA-87-1814] [1987]

*[https://web.archive.org/web/2011/http://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/casi.ntrs.nasa.gov/20030062058_2003069843.pdf Antimatter Driven P-B11 Fusion Propulsion System][Kammash, Terry; Martin, James; Godfroy, Thomas, NASA MSFC 2002]

*[https://web.archive.org/web/2011/http://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/casi.ntrs.nasa.gov/20010043645_2001056949.pdf Some Interplanetary Missions Using IEC Fusion Propulsion] [Hanson, John M., NASA MSFC 2001]

*[https://web.archive.org/web/2011/http://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/casi.ntrs.nasa.gov/20020016725_2002010166.pdf A Summary of the NASA Fusion Propulsion Workshop 2000] [Thio, Y. C. Francis; Turchi, Peter J.; Santarius, John F., NASA MSFC 2001]

===Beamed power propulsion===

*[https://web.archive.org/web/2011/http://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/casi.ntrs.nasa.gov/19930007728_1993007728.pdf Beamed energy propulsion] [Shoji, James M., NASA 1991]

*[https://web.archive.org/web/2011/http://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/casi.ntrs.nasa.gov/20080013338_2008012752.pdf An Exploration Perspective of Beamed Energy Propulsion] [Cole, John W. , NASA MSFC 2007]

*[https://web.archive.org/web/2011/http://trs-new.jpl.nasa.gov/dspace/bitstream/2014/34883/1/93-0307.pdf A Demonstration Plan For Laser-Beamed Power] [Abraham, Douglas S.; Anspaugh, Bruce E.; Nesmith, Bill J.; Penzo, Paul A.; Smith, Jeffery H., NASA JPL 1993]

===Space Elevator===

While not a form of rocket propulsion, the space elevator can still be classified as a means of propelling payloads into an orbit (in particular into geostationary orbit). The following is a selection of important references concerning space elevator design feasibility, economics, and operational risks:

*[https://web.archive.org/web/2011/http://www.islandone.org/LEOBiblio/CLARK1.HTM THE SPACE ELEVATOR: 'THOUGHT EXPERIMENT', OR KEY TO THE UNIVERSE?] [Arthur C. Clarke 1981] Sir Arthur C. Clarke's IAC paper providing an overview of the space elevator concept, its promise, and associated challenges

*[https://web.archive.org/web/2011/http://www.physics.princeton.edu/~mcdonald/examples/mechanics/edwards_space_elevator.pdf Space elevator overview (PDF)] [Edwards]

*[https://web.archive.org/web/2011/http://chaos.swarthmore.edu/courses/PDG07/AJP/AJP000125.pdf The physics of the space elevator (PDF)] [Aravind 2006] Derivation of basic equations for space elevator cable length, stress, and tapering ratio

*[https://web.archive.org/web/2011/http://spaceelevatorwiki.com/wiki/images/6/6d/ActaAstropreprint.pdf Design and deployment of a space elevator (PDF)] [Edwards, Los Alamos National Laboratory]

*[https://web.archive.org/web/2011/http://gassend.net/elevator/SEC2005/BrokenElevator.pdf Fate of a broken space elevator (PDF)] [Gassend, MIT CSAIL 2005] Interesting analysis of the effects of a space elevator cable rupture

*[https://web.archive.org/web/2011/http://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/casi.ntrs.nasa.gov/20060000015_2005248072.pdf Critical technologies for the development of future space elevator systems (PDF)] [Smitherman, NASA MSFC 2005]

*[https://web.archive.org/web/2011/http://spaceelevatorconference.org/Documents/RT%20Space%20Elevator%20Space%20Debris%2022June%2010.pdf Space elevator survivability - space debris mitigation (PDF)] [ISEC.info 2010]

=Electrical Power System (EPS)=

The EPS provides the functions: electrical power generation, storage, management, and distribution.

==General EPS references==

*[https://web.archive.org/web/2011/http://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/casi.ntrs.nasa.gov/19630001637_1963001637.pdf Power for Spacecraft, NASA-SP-21 (PDF)] [Barrett, 1962]

*[https://web.archive.org/web/2011/http://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/casi.ntrs.nasa.gov/19840018678_1984018678.pdf Space power technology into the 21st Century, NASA-TM-83690] [NASA, 1983]

==Primary and Secondary Battery Systems==

*[https://web.archive.org/web/2011/http://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/casi.ntrs.nasa.gov/19640008138_1964008138.pdf Space batteries, NASA-SP-5004 (PDF)] [Francis, 1964] Description of three sealed battery systems - nickel-cadmium, silver-cadmium, and silver-zinc for spacecraft power use

*[https://web.archive.org/web/2011/http://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/casi.ntrs.nasa.gov/19690008710_1969008710.pdf Batteries for space power systems, NASA-SP-172 (PDF)] [Bauer, 1968] Design-oriented introduction to space battery systems

* [https://web.archive.org/web/2011/http://www.batteryuniversity.com/ Battery University] [2005]

*[https://web.archive.org/web/2011/http://electricitystorage.org/pubs/2001/IEEE_PES_Winter2001/wm01nas.pdf Advanced Sodum-Sulfur (NaS) Battery System (PDF)] [Kimbayashi/TEPCO, 2001] Overview of Na-S battery technology developed in Japan; main advantage is high energy density (> 200 Wh/kg).

*[https://web.archive.org/web/2011/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lithium_sulfur_battery Lithium - sulfur battery site] [Wikipedia, 2010]

==Photovoltaic Power Generation==

* [https://web.archive.org/web/2011/http://www.spacearium.com/special/SP8000/archive/00000089/01/sp8005.pdf Solar Electromagentic Radiation, NASA-SP-8005] [1971]

* [https://web.archive.org/web/2011/http://www.spacearium.com/special/SP8000/archive/00000110/01/sp8074.pdf Spacecraft Solar Cell Arrays, NASA-SP-8074] [May 1971]

==Radioisotope Power Generation==

* [https://web.archive.org/web/2011/http://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/casi.ntrs.nasa.gov/20050244481_2005248014.pdf Design of a Modular GPHS Stirling Power System for Lunar Habitation Module, NASA-TM-2005-213991 / AIAA-2005-5716] [2005] Description of a dynamic radioisotope-based power generation system conceptual design

*[https://web.archive.org/web/2011/http://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/casi.ntrs.nasa.gov/20070032738_2007032405.pdf Advanced Stirling Technology Development at NASA Glenn Research Center, NASA TM-2007-214930 (PDF)] [Shaltens, Wong, 2007] Excellent overview of ongoing work at NASA Glenn (including dynamic heat-power conversion); conceptual description of present and planned RTG-based power plants.

==Fission Power Generation==

*[https://web.archive.org/web/2011/http://trs-new.jpl.nasa.gov/dspace/bitstream/2014/38984/1/05-2577.pdf Lunar fission surface power system design and implementation concept, NASA-JPL (PDF)] [Elliott, Reh, MacPherson, 2006]

==Fuel Cell Systems==

*[https://web.archive.org/web/2011/http://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/casi.ntrs.nasa.gov/19670030808_1967030808.pdf Fuel cells - A review of government-sponsored research, 1950-1964, NASA-SP-120 (PDF)] [Austin, 1967] Good design-oriented introduction to fuel cells

*[https://web.archive.org/web/2011/http://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/casi.ntrs.nasa.gov/20040010319_2003141151.pdf Fuel Cells for Space Science Applications, NASA/TM-2003-212730 / AIAA-2003-5938] [Burke 2003] Excellent review of fuel cell and battery technology for space applications; includes mathematical model for fuel cells systems and reference data for battery and fuel cell systems.

*[https://web.archive.org/web/2011/http://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/casi.ntrs.nasa.gov/19990063763_1999094054.pdf High Energy Density Regenerative Fuel Cell Systems for Terrestrial Applications, NASA/TM-1999-209429 / SAE 99-01-2600] [Burke 1999]

==EPS Design Studies==

===Mars Surface Power System Design Studies===

*[https://web.archive.org/web/2011/http://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/casi.ntrs.nasa.gov/19900019077_1990019077.pdf A solar power system for an early Mars expedition, NASA-TM-103219 (PDF)] [NASA, 1990] Overview of surface power system for 40-day Mars surface stay at the equator; system is based on amorphous silicon arrays and gaseous hydrogen / oxygen regenerative fuel cells.

*[https://web.archive.org/web/2011/http://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/casi.ntrs.nasa.gov/19900009983_1990009983.pdf Aeolian removal of dust from photovoltaic surfaces on Mars, NASA-TM-102507 (PDF)] [Gaier, Perez-Davis, Marabito, 1990]

*[https://web.archive.org/web/2011/http://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/casi.ntrs.nasa.gov/19930017514_1993017514.pdf A photovoltaic catenary-tent array for the Martian surface, NASA-CR-191144 (PDF)] [Colozza, Appelbaum, Crutchik, 1993]

*[https://web.archive.org/web/2011/http://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/casi.ntrs.nasa.gov/19950012155_1995112155.pdf Solar-electrochemical power system for a Mars mission, NASA-TM-106606 (PDF)] [Withrow, Mortales, 1994]

*[https://web.archive.org/web/2011/http://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/casi.ntrs.nasa.gov/19990063893_1999094036.pdf Solar Electric Power System Analyses for Mars Surface Missions, NASA TM-1999-209288 (PDF)] [NASA, 1999] Design study of a 40kWe solar & fuel cell power system for conjunction class Mars surface missions; includes new tent-like structure concept.

==EPS Models==

Under construction...

=Thermal Control (TC)=

* [https://web.archive.org/web/2011/http://www.spacearium.com/special/SP8000/archive/00000152/01/sp8105.pdf Spacecraft Thermal Control, NASA-SP-8105] [May 1973]

*[https://web.archive.org/web/2011/http://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/casi.ntrs.nasa.gov/19970001606_1996097836.pdf Advanced Active Thermal Control Systems Architecture Study, NASA-TM-104822] [Hanford AJ, Ewert MK, Oct. 1996]

*[https://web.archive.org/web/2011/http://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/casi.ntrs.nasa.gov/20030067928_2003079547.pdf An Updated Zero Boil-Off Cryogenic Propellant Storage Analysis Applied to Upper Stages or Depots in a LEO Environment, NASA TM-2003-211691] [June 2003]

*[https://web.archive.org/web/2011/http://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/casi.ntrs.nasa.gov/20040191589_2004198409.pdf Results of an Advanced Development Zero Boil-Off Cryogenic Propellant Storage Test, NASA TM-2004-213390] [November 2004]

=Environmental Control & Life Support System (ECLSS)=

==General ECLSS References==

*[https://web.archive.org/web/2011/http://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/casi.ntrs.nasa.gov/19630001634_1963001634.pdf Bioastronautics, NASA-SP-18 (PDF)] [Geratewohl et al., 1962]

*[https://web.archive.org/web/2011/http://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/casi.ntrs.nasa.gov/19670025254_1967025254.pdf The closed life-support system, NASA SP-134 (PDF)] [NASA, 1967]

*[https://web.archive.org/web/2011/http://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/casi.ntrs.nasa.gov/19890002836_1989002836.pdf A survey of some regenerative physico-chemical life support technology, NASA-TM-101004 (PDF)] [Wydeven, 1988] Excellent overview of regenerative life support technologies for atmosphere revitalization, water and waste management

* [https://web.archive.org/web/2011/http://www.snds.com/ssi/ssi/SystemSolutions/index.html Hamilton Sundstrand ECLSS website] [2007]

* [https://web.archive.org/web/2011/http://oregonstate.edu/~atwaterj/LifeSupport.html Regenerative Life Support Website at Oregon State University] [Atwater, 2006]

*[https://web.archive.org/web/2011/http://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/casi.ntrs.nasa.gov/19940022934_1994022934.pdf Designing for human presence in space: An introduction to environmental control and life support systems, NASA-RP-1324 (PDF)] [Wieland, 1994]

*[https://web.archive.org/web/2011/http://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/casi.ntrs.nasa.gov/20060005209_2006005654.pdf Designing For Human Presence in Space An Introduction to Environmental Control and Life Support Systems (ECLSS) - Appendix, NASA TM-2005-214007 (PDF)] [Wieland, 2005]

*US Navy Diving Manual - Volume 1: Air Diving, NAVSEA 0994-LP-001-9010, Revision 1, June 1985, Navy Department Washington, D.C.

==ECLSS Technologies==

===Atmosphere Revitalization===

*[https://web.archive.org/web/2011/http://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/casi.ntrs.nasa.gov/19860021392_1986021392.pdf Space station molecular sieve development, NASA-CR-178885 (PDF)] [Chang et al., 1986] Overview of carbon-based molecular sieves including applications with CO2 recovery for regeneration; performance comparison to zeolite-based molecular sieves

*[https://web.archive.org/web/2011/http://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/casi.ntrs.nasa.gov/19880006971_1988006971.pdf Electrochemical carbon dioxide concentrator subsystem development, NASA-CR-177411 (PDF)] [Koszenski et al., 1986]

*[https://web.archive.org/web/2011/http://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/casi.ntrs.nasa.gov/19970027854_1997049592.pdf Enhanced Molecular Sieve CO2 Removal Evaluation, NASA-CR-205324 (PDF)] [Rose et al., 1996] Analysis and test results on zeolite- and carbon-based molecular sieves for CO2 removal in habitats and during EVA

*[https://web.archive.org/web/2011/http://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/casi.ntrs.nasa.gov/20060007774_2006008339.pdf Atmosphere Revitalization Technology Development for Crewed Space Exploration, AIAA Paper 2006-140 (PDF)] [Perry, et al., NASA-MSFC, 2006] Includes overview of ISS 4-bed molecular sieve system

===Water Management===

*[https://web.archive.org/web/2011/http://www.snds.com/ssi/ssi/Applications/SpaceHabitat/WPA.html Hamilton Sundstrand website on their waste water processing system design for use on ISS] [Hamilton Sundstrand, 2008]

===Food Management===

*[https://web.archive.org/web/2011/http://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/casi.ntrs.nasa.gov/19700024524_1970024524.pdf Aerospace food technology, NASA-SP-202 (PDF)] [NASA, 1970]

*[https://web.archive.org/web/2011/http://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/casi.ntrs.nasa.gov/19740078168_1974078168.pdf Skylab food system project support and management, NASA-TM-X-70098 (PDF)] [Bush, 1972] Overview of the Skylab food system with geometric and mass information

*[https://web.archive.org/web/2011/http://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/casi.ntrs.nasa.gov/19740003791_1974003791.pdf Synthetic carbohydrate An aid to nutrition in the future, NASA-CR-136152 (PDF)] [Stanford University, 1973]

*[https://web.archive.org/web/2011/http://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/casi.ntrs.nasa.gov/19850008160_1985008160.pdf Problems associated with the utilization of algae in bioregenerative life support systems, NASA-CR-166615 (PDF)] [Averner et al., 1984]

*[https://web.archive.org/web/2011/http://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/casi.ntrs.nasa.gov/20050182966_2005171686.pdf Mars Greenhouses Concepts and Challenges. Proceedings from a 1999 Workshop, NASA TM-2000-208577 (PDF)] [Wheeler et al., 2000]

*[https://web.archive.org/web/2011/http://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/casi.ntrs.nasa.gov/20070008092_2007005363.pdf The Challenges of Developing a Food System for a Mars Mission, NASA-JSC publication (PDF)] [Perchonok, 2007]

===Waste Management===

Under construction...

===Atmosphere Thermal Conditioning===

Under construction...

==Integrated ECLSS Design Studies / Tests==

*[https://web.archive.org/web/2011/http://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/casi.ntrs.nasa.gov/19790015495_1979015495.pdf Concept definition for an extended duration orbiter ECLSS, NASA-CR-160164] [Hamilton Standard, 1977] Very interesting design study, provides a wealth of reference data for subsystem sizing / scaling and for human ECLS requirements

*[https://web.archive.org/web/2011/http://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/casi.ntrs.nasa.gov/19690016031_1969016031.pdf Sixty-day manned test of a regenerative life support system with oxygen and water recovery. Part 1 - Engineering test results, NASA-CR-98500] [NASA, 1968]

*[https://web.archive.org/web/2011/http://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/casi.ntrs.nasa.gov/19710011476_1971011476.pdf Preliminary results from an operational 90-day manned test of a regenerative life support system, NASA-SP-261] [NASA, 1971]

*[https://web.archive.org/web/2011/http://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/casi.ntrs.nasa.gov/19720006465_1972006465.pdf Program operational summary Operational 90 day manned test of a regenerative life support system, NASA-CR-1835] [NASA, 1972]

=Crew Systems=

* [https://web.archive.org/web/2011/http://msis.jsc.nasa.gov/ NASA Manned Systems Integration Standards (NASA STD 3000)] [NASA, 1995]

=Avionics / Astrionics=

* [https://web.archive.org/web/2011/http://www.spacearium.com/special/SP8000/archive/00000106/01/sp8070.pdf Spaceborne Digital Computer Systems, NASA-SP-8070] [March 1971]

=Guidance, Navigation & Control (GN&C)=

*[https://web.archive.org/web/2011/http://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/casi.ntrs.nasa.gov/19630001633_1963001633.pdf Control, Guidance, and Navigation of Spacecraft, NASA-SP-17 (PDF)] [Bird et al., 1962]

*[https://web.archive.org/web/2011/http://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/casi.ntrs.nasa.gov/19670021967_1967021967.pdf A survey of attitude sensors for spacecraft, NASA-SP-145 (PDF)] [Hatcher, 1967] Spacecraft attitude sensors design and operational features - horizon scanners, solar sensors, star trackers, space sextants, and map matchers

* [https://web.archive.org/web/2011/http://www.spacearium.com/special/SP8000/archive/00000011/01/sp8015.pdf Guidance and Navigation for Entry Vehicles, NASA-SP-8015] [November 1968]

* [https://web.archive.org/web/2011/http://www.spacearium.com/special/SP8000/archive/00000127/01/sp8096.pdf Space Vehicle Gyroscope Sensor Applications, NASA-SP-8096] [October 1972]

=Planetary Entry, Descent & Landing (EDL)=

*[https://web.archive.org/web/2011/http://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/casi.ntrs.nasa.gov/19630001639_1963001639.pdf Aerodynamics of Space Vehicles, NASA-SP-23 (PDF)] [Bertram, Boswinkle, Campbell, Cohen, Fetterman, Grant, Henry, Trimpi, 1962]

*[[:Image:NasaTnD4098.pdf|NASA Technical Note D-4098]] [Harris, August 1967] Aerodynamic Characteristics of a Spherically Blunted 25 Degree Cone at a Mach Number of 20

*[https://web.archive.org/web/2011/http://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/casi.ntrs.nasa.gov/19690067366_1969067366.pdf Entry thermal protection, NASA-SP-8014 (PDF)] [Sherman, 1968]

*[https://web.archive.org/web/2011/http://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/casi.ntrs.nasa.gov/19690010164_1969010164.pdf Guidance and navigation for entry vehicles, NASA-SP-8015 (PDF)] [NASA, 1968]

*[https://web.archive.org/web/2011/http://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/casi.ntrs.nasa.gov/19700019228_1970019228.pdf Entry vehicle control, NASA-SP-8028 (PDF)] [NASA, 1969]

*[https://web.archive.org/web/2011/http://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/casi.ntrs.nasa.gov/20070022789_2007020198.pdf Planetary Mission Entry Vehicles Quick Reference Guide. Version 3.0, NASA SP-2006-3401 (PDF)] [Davies, Arcadi, 2006] Excellent reference

*[https://web.archive.org/web/2011/http://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/casi.ntrs.nasa.gov/19810012569_1981012569.pdf Generic Aerocapture Atmospheric Entry Study - Final Report, Vol. 1, GE Re-entry Systems Divison, 1980.] Interesting Archiecture

*[https://web.archive.org/web/2011/http://www.4frontierscorp.com/dev/assets/Braun_Paper_on_Mars_EDL.pdf Mars Exploration Entry, Descent and Landing Challenges (PDF)] [Braun RD, Manning RM, 2006] Excellent paper providing an overview of existing Mars EDL systems and technology (primarily based on Viking heritage), limitations to extending this technology, and a summary of the challenges for human-scale Mars EDL.

*[https://web.archive.org/web/2011/http://www.ssdl.gatech.edu/Papers/Technical%20Papers/AIAA-2009-6684.pdf High Mass Mars Entry, Descent, and Landing Architecture Assessment (PDF)] [Bradley A. Steinfeldt, John E. Theisinger, Ashley M. Korzun, Ian G. Clark, Michael J. Grant, and Robert D. Braun, Georia Institute of Technology, 2009] Trade-space exploration for highpayload (20+ mt) Mars EDL systems

*[https://web.archive.org/web/2011/http://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/casi.ntrs.nasa.gov/20090041828_2009042201.pdf A Multidisciplinary Tool for Systems Analysis of Planetary Entry, Descent, and Landing (SAPE), NASA/TM-2009-215950 (PDF)] [Jamshid A. Samareh, Langley Research Center, 2009]

=In-Situ Resource Utilization and Manufacturing=

==In-Situ Propellant Production==

*[https://web.archive.org/web/2011/http://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/casi.ntrs.nasa.gov/20030053430_2003059864.pdf An Introduction to Mars ISPP Technologies] [Lueck DE, NASA 2003]

*[https://web.archive.org/web/2011/http://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/casi.ntrs.nasa.gov/20020000946_2001199867.pdf A Survey of Alternative Oxygen Production Technologies] [Lueck DE, NASA 2001] Technologies other than Sabatier reactor and Zirconia electrolysis

==In-Situ Manufacturing==

*[https://web.archive.org/web/2011/http://reprap.org/bin/view/Main/WebHome RepRap project website] The RepRap project is aimed at developing a 3D-printer which can replicate itself.

*[https://web.archive.org/web/2011/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RepRap_Project Wikipedia entry for the RepRap project]

MinMars/Logistics

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DvlpSpc: fix old link

[[Category:MinMars]]

= Repository of Working Models =
http://svn.developspace.net/svn/minmars/users/arthur/Logistics/
http://svn.developspace.net/svn/minmars/users/arthur/Purification/

= Preliminary Logistics Assessment =

== General Study Objectives ==
*Carry out an assessment of re-supply needs for the outpost given different technologies
**Including high-closure life support, ISRU
*Identify key re-supply drivers and carry out in-depth analyses
*Identify interesting technologies with high payoff in re-supply mass reduction
**Carry out initial modeling and testing of these technologies
*Formulate plan for further technology development

== Preliminary Re-Supply Assessment (1) ==
[[Image:Preliminary_Re-Supply_Assessment_1.jpg| thumb|center|upright=2.5| alt=Preliminary Re-Supply Assessment (1)|Preliminary Re-Supply Assessment (1)]]

== Preliminary Re-Supply Assessment (2) ==
[[Image:Preliminary_Re-Supply_Assessment_2.jpg| thumb|center|upright=2.5| alt=Preliminary Re-Supply Assessment (2)|Preliminary Re-Supply Assessment (2)]]

== Preliminary Insights ==
*Existing technologies allow for re-supply masses per opportunity of under 2 mt / person
*Remaining high-mass re-supply items are food and spare parts
**These should be focus of in-depth analyses

= Updated Logistics Assessment =

== General Study Objectives ==
*Carry out an assessment of re-supply needs for the outpost given different technologies
**Including high-closure life support, ISRU
*Identify key re-supply drivers and carry out in-depth analyses
*Identify interesting technologies with high payoff in re-supply mass reduction
**Carry out initial modeling and testing of these technologies
*Formulate plan for further technology development

== Mars Surface Habitat Architectures 1-5 ==

[[Image:Mars_Surface_Habitat_Architectures_1-5.jpg| thumb|center|upright=2.5| alt=IMars Surface Habitat Architectures 1-5|Mars Surface Habitat Architectures 1-5]]

== Mars Surface Habitat Architectures 5-9 ==

[[Image:Mars_Surface_Habitat_Architectures_5-9.jpg| thumb|center|upright=2.5| alt=Mars Surface Habitat Architectures 5-9|Mars Surface Habitat Architectures 5-9]]

== Mars Surface Habitat Architectures 9-13 ==

[[Image:Mars_Surface_Habitat_Architectures_9-13.jpg| thumb|center|upright=2.5| alt=Mars Surface Habitat Architectures 9-13|Mars Surface Habitat Architectures 9-13]]

== Preliminary Insights ==
*Existing technologies allow for re-supply masses per opportunity of ~2mt / person
**This includes fairly conservative tare fractions on pressurized logistics and fluid re-supply
*Remaining high-mass re-supply items are:
*Food
*Spare parts (fans, multi-filtration beds, etc.)
*Hygiene & health re-supply (soap, first-aid, etc.)
*Hydrogen for ISRU

= Food Logistics Reduction =
*Many options for closure of the food loop have been investigated over the decades
*Two major families of option:
**1. Chemical regeneration of food from waste
***Synthesized chemicals suitable for long-term ingestion include: glucose, glycerin, ethanol, formose sugars
**2. Biological regeneration of food from waste
***Algae (also for CO2 regeneration)
***Higher plants (wheat, corn, vegetables, etc.)
***Animals (fish, chicken)

== Food Sourcing ==
*Reminder: food remains one of the largest re-supply items (strong incentive for achieving higher closure)
*Ways to close the food loop (in order of difficulty)
**Growing fruits / vegetables with aeroponics / hydroponics
**Growing algae, subsequent processing into edible form
**Growing edible fungi (for some types no light required)
**Traditional soil agriculture using Martian soil / regolith
**Breeding animals (chicken, fish; both still quite inefficient)
**Chemical regeneration of foods (formose, lipids, starch etc.)
**Analysis required to determine which ways are most effective during different stages of colony
*Notional roadmap as point of departure:
**Phase 1:
***Food mostly imported from Earth in de-hydrated form
***Some fruits and vegetables grown hydro- / aeroponically to supplement de-hydrated food (nutrients brought from Earth)
***Possibly use of some fungi / algae as nutrition supplement
**Phase 2:
***Food partially imported from Earth, partially generated locally
***In-situ nutrient production, use of Martian soil
***Possibly use of some fungi / algae as nutrition supplement
**Phase 3:
***Food mostly produced on Mars using in-situ nutrients and soil
***Algae and fungi as supplement, possibly also some animals
***Predominantly vegetarian life-style

= Surface Manufacturing =

== Surface Manufacturing Strategy ==
*Major needs during the early toehold stage:
**Manufacturing of spare parts for subsystems
**Manufacturing of IVA / EVA tools
**Possibly manufacturing of structure for expansion of pressurized volume and for ISCP
*Materials than can be produced in-situ on Mars:
**Polyethylene (PE) and other polymers (from RWGS)
**Iron / steel (significant infrastructure required)
**Ceramics and bricks (from baking regolith)
**Aluminum (significant infrastructure required)
**Copper (significant infrastructure required)
*Chapter 7 in Zubrin’s case for Mars provides a good overview
*Quantitative assessment of infrastructure required
*Acquiring water on Mars
**4 possible sources:
***Underground aquifer
***Topsoil (1-3% by weight)
***Atmosphere
***Permafrost
*Extraction from topsoil and atmosphere may be easiest initially (less infrastructure)
**Could use tent-like structure, condenser, and sunlight (concept by Zubrin)
*Water provides breathing oxygen and hydrogen for further ISCP (also PE)
*It has been proposed to synthesize PE based on products from RWGS:
**6H2+2CO2=>2H2O+2CO+4H2
**2CO+4H2=>C2H4+2H2O
**n x C2H4 => PE
*We need to carry out a more detailed analysis of these processes

= Minimal Industrial Needs for a Minimal Mars Colony - A Home O'Centric Insight (By: Andrew Tubbiolo) =

*What is a colony? It is a home.
**Terrestrial Home
***Constant influx of goods.
***Constant influx of food.
***Constant efflux of waste.
**Colonial Home
***Constant need to manufacture or remanufacture goods.
***Production of food and air
***Reprocessing of waste
*Means of Manufacturing is the Linchpin
**What do you need to manufacture goods?
**What do you need to make the tools to grow food?
**What do you need to make the tools to reprocess and reuse waste streams?
**You need tools.
*What Kind of Tools?
*Mechanical
*Electrical
==Mechanical Ensemble==
*The Lathe.
**Work rotates.
**Tool moves about work.
**Machines conical sections
**Holds accuracy to 0.001”
**Can make parts for engines in the tens of kilowatt class
*The Mill
**Tool rotates
**Work is moved about the tool.
**Used to machine planer sections.
**Machines to 0.001”.
**Up to tens of kilowatt class machines.
*Surface grinder
**Tool rotates
**Work moved about tool
**Machines planer surfaces
**Accuracy to 0.0001”
==Electrical Ensemble.==
*EDA Tools.
**Specify system needs.
**Schematic capture.
**Simulation.
**PCB Layout
*Circuit Prototype
**Test ideas and concepts in a manner that allows fast changes.
*PCB Fabrication
**Manufacture permanent solution on site
*Test Equipment
**Logic Analyzer
***Monitor many channels logic state simultaneously
**Oscilloscope
***Monitor signals to high resolution
**EDA PC Environment
***Project documents

==Putting it all together==
*Terrestrial thermal power source project rated at 500+ W
**Aluminum foundry
**Thermal engine power source
**Thermal refrigeration power source
**Power source for a small boiler

*Mechanical Mounts
**Integration sphere interface
***Fast on demand fabrication
***Allows reactions to needs not foreseen

*Propulsion
**A tall order for sure, but on Mars even simple propulsion systems can be quite effective.

*Constant Needs of Colonial Industry
**Support Systems
***Power generation
***Atmosphere generation
***Raw materials
***Food production
***Transportation
***Tool needs for goods requirements
**Industrial Expansion
***Use your tools to make more tools
***Raw materials mining
***Refinement
***Component manufacturing
***Tool manufacturing

==Conclusion==
*Tools make the colony.
*Tools provide the goods needed to support human life.
*Tools provide the means to make new tools.
*Tools provide means to expand.
*Colonizing is an effort in tool making and operations.
*Engineered systems can be built integrated and tested in the terrestrial home.
*Colonize the home as a prelude to Mars.

= Water Recycling / Spares Management =

==Introduction ==
*A review of the major methods for water recycling.
*The spares needs for the different technologies are identified
*The future work will consist in completing the estimates of the spares amounts for the different technologies

==Water recycling methods==
===Distillation (phase change processes)===
*Vapor compression distillation (VCD)
*Thermoelectric integrated membrane evaporation (TIMES)
*Vapor phase catalytic ammonia removal (VAPCAR)
*Other

===Filtration===
*Reverse osmosis (RO)
*Multifiltration
*Other

===Differences between distillation and filtration===
*Higher quality water (i.e. potable) is usually recycled using distillation, because it is a process conducted at higher temperatures (phase change) thus killing bacteria. Lower quality water (i.e. flush water) is recycled by filtration.

==Distillation Systems Spares Needs==
*Vapor Compression Distillation (VCD)
**H2O Pre-treatment expendable chemicals
**H2O Post-treatment expendable chemicals
**Components of Evaporator, Condenser, Condensate collector
*Thermoelectric Integrated Membrane Evaporation Subsystem (TIMES)
**H2O Pre-treatment expendable chemicals
**H2O Post-treatment expendable chemicals
**Thermoelectric Heat Pump
**Hollow fiber membranes
*Vapor Phase Catalytic Ammonia Removal (VAPCAR)
**No expendable chemicals
**Hollow fiber membranes
**Catalyst beds

===VCD Data [Ref Zdankiewicz & Chu]===

*Component: Distillation Unit
**Demonstrated Life [hr]
***Direct Exposure to Environment: 18400
***In Normal Mode: 8012
**Mass [kg]: 16
**Vol, [m^3]: 28.4

*Component: Liquid Level Sensor
**Demonstrated Life [hr]
***Direct Exposure to Environment: 17200
***In Normal Mode: 6812
**Mass [kg]: ???
**Vol, [m^3]: ???

*Component: Still Drive Motor
**Demonstrated Life [hr]
***Direct Exposure to Environment: 5512
***In Normal Mode: 5512
**Mass [kg]: ???
**Vol, [m^3]: ???

*Component: Fluids Pump
**Demonstrated Life [hr]
***Direct Exposure to Environment: 18400
***In Normal Mode: 7012
**Mass [kg]: 6.4
**Vol, [m^3]: 9.3

*Component: Peristaltic Tubing
**Demonstrated Life [hr]
***Direct Exposure to Environment: 17520
***In Normal Mode: 7012
**Mass [kg]: ???
**Vol, [m^3]: ???

*Component: Waste Storage Tank
**Demonstrated Life [hr]
***Direct Exposure to Environment: 14600
***In Normal Mode: 6812
**Mass [kg]: ???
**Vol, [m^3]: ???

*Component: Recycle/Filter Tank
**Demonstrated Life [hr]
***Direct Exposure to Environment: 10900
***In Normal Mode: 6812
**Mass [kg]: 5.9
**Vol, [m^3]: 72.3

*Component: Ancillary Components (valves, sensors, plumbing)
**Demonstrated Life [hr]
***Direct Exposure to Environment: 16380
***In Normal Mode: 5992
**Mass [kg]: ???
**Vol, [m^3]: ???

*VCD is sized to process 18.1 kg/d of liquid waste to meet the needs of a three-person crew;
*Recycle tank (the one in the table is the dry weight) sized for 90-day operation at 0.18 kg/p/d of solids to meet the needs of a three-person crew;
*Packaging overhead is 12%.

==Filtration Systems Spares Needs==
*Reverse Osmosis
**Membranes. Alternatives:
***Inside skinned hollow fiber membrane
***Dual layer membrane
**Multifiltration
***Filters
***Ion-exchange resin beds
***Charcoal

== References ==
*Budininkas, P., Rasouli, F. and Wydeven, T. Development of a Water Recovery Subsystem Based on Vapor Phase Catalytic Ammonia Removal (VPCAR) 1986
*Dehner, G. F., Reysa, R. P. Thermoelectric Integration Membrane Evaporation Subsystem Water Recovery Technology Update 1985
*Dehner, G. F., Winkler, E. H. and Reysa, R. P. Thermoelectric Integrated Membrane Evaporation Subsystem Operational Improvements 1984
*Gorensek, M. B., Baer-Peckham, D. Space Station Water Recovery Trade Study - Phase Change Technology 1988
*Herrmann, C. C. High-Recovery Low-Pressure Reverse Osmosis 1992
*Hitt, A. J., III, Renfro, R. H., Schien, K. F. and Streams, E. Criteria Definition and Performance Testing of a Space Station Experiment Water Management System 1988
*Ishida, H., Ohshima, M., Shimoda, T. and Shiraishi, A. Development of Low Pressure Membrane Distillation 1998
*Noble, L. D. J., Schubert, F. H. and Graves, R. E. An Assessment of the Readiness of Vapor Compression Distillation for Spacecraft Wastewater Processing 1991
*Ray, R. Membrane-Based Water and Energy-Recovery Systems for the Manned Space Station 1985
*Ray, R. J., Babcock, W. C., Barss, R. P., Andrews, T. A. and LaChapelle, E. D. A Novel Reverse-Osmosis Wash Water Recycle System for Manned Space Stations 1984
*Reysa, R. P., Price, D. F., Olcott, T. and Gaddis, J. L. Hyperfiltration Wash Water Recovery Subsystem - Design and Test Results
*Schubert, F. H. Phase Change Water Recovery Techniques: Vapor Compressor Distillation and Thermoelectric/Membrane Concepts 1983
*Winkler, E. H., Verostko, C. E. and Dehner, G. F. Urine Pretreatment for Waste Water Processing Systems 1983
*Zdankiewicz, E. M., Chu, J. Phase Change Water Recovery for Space Station - Parametric Testing and Analysis 1986

==Vapor Compression Distillation Example==
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20151225105942/http://www.aquatechnology.net/vaporcompressiondistillers.html Source website]
**Step 1: In a vapor compression(VC) system, the distillation process begins in the boiling chamber, just as it does in virtually any other distiller. What separates this method from other distillation methods is what comes after the boiling chamber.
**Step 2: In a Vapor Compression VC6000, VC3000, VC1500 and VC800 system the boiling process begins with both heating elements turned on. As the water in the boiling chamber reaches near boiling temperatures, the compressor turns on, which engages the unique non-contacted liquid ring seal.When the boiling begins, the #2 heating element turns off and the #1 heating element cycles on and off maintaining the boiling at just the right temperature for maximum efficiency. The steam from the boiling water flows through a baffling system and then into the compressor.
**Step 3: In the compressor, the steam is pressurized, which raises the steam's temperature before it is routed through a special heat exchanger located inside the boiling chamber. The steam (under pressure) is at a higher temperature than the feed water inside the boiling chamber
**Step 4: The pressurized steam gives off its heat to the tap water inside the boiling chamber, causing this water to boil, which creates more steam. In technical terms, the steam "gives up its latent heat of vaporization" to the water inside the boiling chamber.
**Step 5: While the pressurized steam is giving up its latent heat, the steam will condense. One of the heating elements will cycle on and off periodically as needed to provide any "make-up" heat that is required to keep the system operating at optimum temperature for maximum efficiency.
**Step 6: At this stage, the condensed steam is considered distilled water but is still very hot--only slightly cooler than boiling temperature. To get maximum efficiency from the VC systems, the hot distilled water preheats the incoming feed water that will be distilled.

MIT Rocket Team

2025-06-14T19:00:11Z

DvlpSpc: Delete old info about t-shirts from 20 years ago

==Meeting Minutes==
* [[2007-2008]]
* [[2004-2005]]

==Current Projects==

* [[Balloon Launch]]

==Technical Documents and Data==
* [[Main Engine]]
* [[Main Payload]]
* [[Igniter Design]]
* [[Tank Design]]
* [[MIT Rocket Team Material Data|Material Data]]
* [http://www.braeunig.us/space/comb.htm Mixture ratio selection]
* [[Wallops Flight Facility]]

==Administrative Documents and Procedures==

* [[MIT Rocket Team Materials Acquisition|Acquiring Materials]]
* [http://web.mit.edu/cats/www/team/reimbursement.html Getting Reimbursed for Purchases]

===IAP Design Competition===
* [[Media:2005_Schedule.xls]]
* [[Media:2005_Design_spreadsheet.xls]]
* [[Media:2005_Rules_and_info.doc]]
* [[Media:2005_Ideal_team_plan.doc]]
* [[Media:SmallEngineDesign.mws]] (Maple worksheet)
* [[Media:Combustion_analysis.out]] (CEA output)

Main Page

2025-06-14T18:55:49Z

DvlpSpc:

'''Note:''' The content on this wiki site was primarily developed between 2005 and 2015, and is no longer being actively maintained.
New content development activities are being directed towards [[dsorg:|DevelopSpace.org]], including efforts to rebuild our
open source space library. For more information or to get involved, please email us at [mailto:info@developspace.org info@developspace.org]


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<div style="font-size:162%; border:none; margin:0; padding:.1em; color:#000;">Welcome to DevelopSpace!</div>
<div style="top:+0.2em; font-size:95%;">the open-source repository for space exploration</div>
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* [[Projects|Projects]]
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DevelopSpace is starting a [[Mars Surface|Mars Surface Systems Development project]] as a follow-on to the [[MinMars]] project, and is both holding meetings in the Los Angeles-area and enabling remote participation. [mailto:info@developspace.org Email us] if you'd like to get involved.


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What is DevelopSpace?

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The goal of DevelopSpace is to build-up the technical foundations for human space activities. DevelopSpace will engage in scientific and educational endeavors with a focus on open sharing of relevant technical resources and fostering related technical activities and innovations. DevelopSpace will enable a wide variety of individuals and groups to participate in the exploration, development, and utilization of space. You can learn more about DevelopSpace at our [[DevelopSpace:About|About Us]] page.

This website is dedicated to both advancing the DevelopSpace concept, a general reference for the technical space community, and as a hosting platform for space related technical projects. The content on this site is intended to grow over time. All interested individuals are invited to participate and contribute. Please add relevant items and help in expanding the information available here. You can modify a page by clicking the "edit" button at the top.

Selected publications featuring DevelopSpace include:
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20150921173356/http://archive09.linux.com/feature/118137 Linux.com article describing the DevelopSpace concept]
* [[:Image:AIAA2007-OpeningSpaceforHumanity.pdf|AIAA conference paper describing motivation for DevelopSpace]]
* [[:Image:IAC_2008_Minimalist_Mars.pdf|Open Innovation for Space Systems Using the Developspace Platform for Designing a Near-Term Human Mars Mission]]

[[DevelopSpace:About|DevelopSpace Initiative, Inc.]] is a non-profit, 501c3 corporation. Donations are tax deductible in the United States, and can be made online [https://www.paypal.com/cgi-bin/webscr?cmd=_s-xclick&hosted_button_id=HJZT7DT5GJ8UC via PayPal]. For more information on how you can support DevelopSpace, please contact us at [mailto:info@developspace.org info@developspace.org].

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Featured DevelopSpace Project

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[[Minimalist_Human_Mars_Mission|A Minimalist Human Mission to Mars]]

This project aims to design a near-term feasible human Mars mission based on the concept of sending humans one way to Mars. This approach has a number of advantages compared to the tradition "there-and-back" exploration approach that all previous human space missions have followed, particularly with regard to the mass requirements of the mission. The humans on Mars would be re-supplied periodically and would have the tools and infrastructure for a mostly self-sustained existence. An emergency return capability based on the direct return approach could be provided to mitigate the effects of catastrophic equipment failure on Mars; it is one of the goals of the project to determine the cost of providing such a return capability. This initial Mars outpost (Mars "toehold") could also be the nucleus of an initial Mars colony, growing over time through dispatching additional crew and infrastructure to the outpost.

[[Projects|Click here to view other projects]]

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The Space Exploration Reference Library

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Our Reference Library catalogs a variety of technical information of interest to those developing space-related systems. The library is maintained by volunteer contributors and emphasizes freely available technical references. Please make use of and expand this resource for the overall space development community.

[[Reference_Library|View the articles]]

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Hosting your project on DevelopSpace...

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DevelopSpace provides free hosting services for projects advancing the technical foundations for human space activities. A listing of currently hosted projects is available by clicking [[Projects|clicking here]]. At present, projects are offered space on this wiki, mailing list hosting, and [[SVN|Subversion]] version control repository hosting. We intend to expand our offerings over time to assist projects in their success. If you are interested in hosting your project with DevelopSpace or if there are particular services that would be of interest to you, please [mailto:info@developspace.org let us know].

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== Other areas of DevelopSpace ==

=== Open-Source Engineering ===

[[Open_Source_Engineering_Tools|Open Source Engineering Tools]]

Aims to catalog, review, aid in the use of, and encourage the creation and enhancement of open source tools for engineering (with a particular emphasis towards space).

[[InterestingLinks|Interesting Links]]

Links to external sites of interest for the DevelopSpace concept

=== Improving DevelopSpace Infrastructure ===

[[DevelopSpace_Information_Systems| DevelopSpace Information Systems]]

Effort intended to foster the establishment and support of DevelopSpace's information systems, including project hosting infrastructure.

[[SiteRequests| A List of Site Requests]]

This is where to discuss features you would like to see included as part of the DevelopSpace platform.

=== Get Involved! ===

Interested in helping out? Drop us a line [mailto:info@developspace.org by email] and let us know a bit about yourself and how you'd be interested in getting involved. We have a number of opportunities ranging from engaging in our technical projects, to web development and graphics design, to supporting our business activities. We look forward to hearing from you!

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Main Page

2025-06-14T18:37:04Z

DvlpSpc: Fix link and add info for developspace.org

'''Note:''' The content on this wiki site was primarily developed between 2005 and 2015, and is no longer being actively maintained.
New content development activities are being directed towards [[dsorg:|DevelopSpace.org]], including efforts to rebuild our
open source space library. For more information or to get involved, please email us at [mailto:info@developspace.org info@developspace.org]


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<div style="font-size:162%; border:none; margin:0; padding:.1em; color:#000;">Welcome to DevelopSpace!</div>
<div style="top:+0.2em; font-size:95%;">the open-source repository for space exploration</div>
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* [[Projects|Projects]]
* [[Reference_Library|Reference Library]]
* [[Special:Categories|Category Listing]]
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| style="font-size:95%; padding:10px 0; margin:0; text-align:left; white-space:nowrap; color:#000;" | [[DevelopSpace:About|About Us]] '''·''' [[People|People]] '''·''' [[Help:Contents|Help]]
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DevelopSpace is starting a [[Mars Surface|Mars Surface Systems Development project]] as a follow-on to the [[MinMars]] project, and is both holding meetings in the Los Angeles-area and enabling remote participation. [mailto:info@developspace.org Email us] if you'd like to get involved.


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What is DevelopSpace?

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The goal of DevelopSpace is to build-up the technical foundations for human space activities. DevelopSpace will engage in scientific and educational endeavors with a focus on open sharing of relevant technical resources and fostering related technical activities and innovations. DevelopSpace will enable a wide variety of individuals and groups to participate in the exploration, development, and utilization of space. You can learn more about DevelopSpace at our [[DevelopSpace:About|About Us]] page.

This website is dedicated to both advancing the DevelopSpace concept, a general reference for the technical space community, and as a hosting platform for space related technical projects. The content on this site is intended to grow over time. All interested individuals are invited to participate and contribute. Please add relevant items and help in expanding the information available here. You can modify a page by clicking the "edit" button at the top.

Selected publications featuring DevelopSpace include:
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20081206074311/http://www.linux.com/feature/118137 Linux.com article describing the DevelopSpace concept]
* [[:Image:AIAA2007-OpeningSpaceforHumanity.pdf|AIAA conference paper describing motivation for DevelopSpace]]
* [[:Image:IAC_2008_Minimalist_Mars.pdf|Open Innovation for Space Systems Using the Developspace Platform for Designing a Near-Term Human Mars Mission]]

[[DevelopSpace:About|DevelopSpace Initiative, Inc.]] is a non-profit, 501c3 corporation. Donations are tax deductible in the United States, and can be made online [https://www.paypal.com/cgi-bin/webscr?cmd=_s-xclick&hosted_button_id=HJZT7DT5GJ8UC via PayPal]. For more information on how you can support DevelopSpace, please contact us at [mailto:info@developspace.org info@developspace.org].

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Featured DevelopSpace Project

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[[Minimalist_Human_Mars_Mission|A Minimalist Human Mission to Mars]]

This project aims to design a near-term feasible human Mars mission based on the concept of sending humans one way to Mars. This approach has a number of advantages compared to the tradition "there-and-back" exploration approach that all previous human space missions have followed, particularly with regard to the mass requirements of the mission. The humans on Mars would be re-supplied periodically and would have the tools and infrastructure for a mostly self-sustained existence. An emergency return capability based on the direct return approach could be provided to mitigate the effects of catastrophic equipment failure on Mars; it is one of the goals of the project to determine the cost of providing such a return capability. This initial Mars outpost (Mars "toehold") could also be the nucleus of an initial Mars colony, growing over time through dispatching additional crew and infrastructure to the outpost.

[[Projects|Click here to view other projects]]

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The Space Exploration Reference Library

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Our Reference Library catalogs a variety of technical information of interest to those developing space-related systems. The library is maintained by volunteer contributors and emphasizes freely available technical references. Please make use of and expand this resource for the overall space development community.

[[Reference_Library|View the articles]]

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Hosting your project on DevelopSpace...

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DevelopSpace provides free hosting services for projects advancing the technical foundations for human space activities. A listing of currently hosted projects is available by clicking [[Projects|clicking here]]. At present, projects are offered space on this wiki, mailing list hosting, and [[SVN|Subversion]] version control repository hosting. We intend to expand our offerings over time to assist projects in their success. If you are interested in hosting your project with DevelopSpace or if there are particular services that would be of interest to you, please [mailto:info@developspace.org let us know].

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== Other areas of DevelopSpace ==

=== Open-Source Engineering ===

[[Open_Source_Engineering_Tools|Open Source Engineering Tools]]

Aims to catalog, review, aid in the use of, and encourage the creation and enhancement of open source tools for engineering (with a particular emphasis towards space).

[[InterestingLinks|Interesting Links]]

Links to external sites of interest for the DevelopSpace concept

=== Improving DevelopSpace Infrastructure ===

[[DevelopSpace_Information_Systems| DevelopSpace Information Systems]]

Effort intended to foster the establishment and support of DevelopSpace's information systems, including project hosting infrastructure.

[[SiteRequests| A List of Site Requests]]

This is where to discuss features you would like to see included as part of the DevelopSpace platform.

=== Get Involved! ===

Interested in helping out? Drop us a line [mailto:info@developspace.org by email] and let us know a bit about yourself and how you'd be interested in getting involved. We have a number of opportunities ranging from engaging in our technical projects, to web development and graphics design, to supporting our business activities. We look forward to hearing from you!

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__NOTOC____NOEDITSECTION__

DevelopSpace:About

2025-06-14T17:42:21Z

DvlpSpc:

'''Please see our updated [[dsorg:about|about page]] on DevelopSpace.org'''

DevelopSpace is an organization dedicated to enabling the human exploration and development of space through open colloboration and sharing of ideas, designs, models, and other information. Our current primary activities have evolved from the [[MinMars]] and are focused towards the development of [[Mars Surface]] systems. See our [[Projects]] page for a complete listing. All interested individuals are invited to participate and contribute.

DevelopSpace.net is hosted by Develop Space Initiative, Inc., a non-profit, 501(c)3 tax-exempt corporation. Donations are tax deductible in the United States. IRS EIN: 83-0480844.

To support us, you can donate to DevelopSpace online [https://www.paypal.com/cgi-bin/webscr?cmd=_s-xclick&hosted_button_id=HJZT7DT5GJ8UC via PayPal] or by sending us a check at the address below.
For information on additional ways to donate to DevelopSpace, or for questions or comments not covered elsewhere on this website, please contact [mailto:info@developspace.net info@developspace.net]

===Observations leading to the DevelopSpace concept===

The following observations were made prior to and during the formulation of the DevelopSpace concept; taken together, these observations provide motivation for the creation of DevelopSpace.

# There exist a number of technical, financial, and political barriers to human expansion into space.
# New and more fully developed technologies, systems, and tools will be of assistance in breaking down the technical barriers to the growing human exploration and settlement of space.
# Human expansion into space captivates a large number of people around the world, although many of them are not at present actively involved in making it happen.
# Many people around the world have skills relevant to advancing the human exploration and development of space, including a great many who are not currently involved in doing so.
# Significant activity is already underway around the world in government, academia, industry, and the non-profit sector towards advancing the human exploration and development of space, although frequently much work is duplicated or lacks adequate focus to make a true contribution.
# Information technologies are advancing rapidly and can enable space development-related collaboration and the sharing of models, tools, methods, results, designs, and other knowledge. Doing so will enable an individual or group to build upon earlier work more directly and will provide greater focus as to what work is worth engaging in.
# Having an opportunity to make a meaningful contribution towards space exploration and development provides an inspiration and incentive for individuals to learn the math, science, and engineering skills involved in so doing.
# Having a chance to be actively involved in space exploration and settlement activities makes one a greater supporter of such endeavors.
# Having a common, open source resource-base on which to draw will allow government, industry, and academia to focus on the truly innovative aspects of their endeavors, rather than having to recreate existing capabilities.

A more in-depth description of the motivation for DevelopSpace can be found in the paper "[[:Image:AIAA2007-OpeningSpaceforHumanity.pdf|Opening Space for Humanity - Applying Open Source Concepts to Human Space Activities]]". Notes from some early DevelopSpace meetings can be found [[MeetingNotes|here]].

===DevelopSpace Mailing Lists===

DevelopSpace maintains a mailman server to facilitate communication within projects and across DevelopSpace as a whole. Two lists of general interest are the [http://lists.developspace.net/listinfo.cgi/ds-news-developspace.net ds-news] low-volume announcement list and the [http://lists.developspace.net/listinfo.cgi/ds-discuss-developspace.net ds-discuss] higher volume discussion list. You can subscribe to ds-news by emailing [mailto:ds-news-subscribe@lists.developspace.net ds-news-subscribe@lists.developspace.net] and to ds-discuss by emailing [mailto:ds-discuss-subscribe@lists.developspace.net ds-discuss-subscribe@lists.developspace.net]

An index of all public DevelopSpace mailing lists, including project lists hosted by DevelopSpace, can be found [http://lists.developspace.net/ here].

If your project would like one or more mailing lists created for it, please notify [mailto:info@developspace.net info@developspace.net].

===Mailing Address===

Written correspondence and donations made out to DevelopSpace Initiative, Inc. may be mailed to us at:

DevelopSpace Initiative, Inc.
1535 East Los Ebanos Blvd,
Unit 5411
Brownsville, TX 78523

Interwiki

2025-06-14T17:38:36Z

DvlpSpc:

The DevelopSpace.net wiki supports the following "interwiki" link shortcuts, which allow you to link to an external site without having to include the full URL. The links are created the same way as links to internal pages, except by pre-pending the page name with the shortcut and a colon. The page name following the colon will be substituted in place of the "$1" on the resulting link.

For example, '''<nowiki>[[svn:minmars]]</nowiki>''' will appear as [[svn:minmars]] and link to the minmars svn repository at http://svn.developspace.net/svn/minmars

You can use a pipe character "|" to add a different link title. '''<nowiki>[[g:aerocapture | Google search for aerocapture]]</nowiki>''' will link to a [[g:aerocapture | Google search for aerocapture]]

{| border=1
|+Available Link Shortcuts
|-
!Short cut !! Link target
|-
|dsorg||https://developspace.org/$1
|-
|svn||http://svn.developspace.net/svn/$1
|-
|list||http://lists.developspace.net/listinfo.cgi/$1-developspace.net
|-
|wb||http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/$1
|-
|ws||http://sources.wikipedia.org/wiki/$1
|-
|wt||http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/$1
|-
|wp||http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/$1
|-
|wc||http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/$1
|-
|google, g||http://www.google.com/search?q=$1
|}

If there are any other link shortcuts you think we should add, please [mailto:info@developspace.net let us know].

A couple of notes for the curious:
# By default, external links from this wiki use a [[g:rel="nofollow"|rel="nofollow"]] in the links which causes most search engines to not index the page pointed to by the external link, as a means of combating spam. These interwiki links are an exception, however, meaning that search engines will in fact index what is pointed to by these links, so in addition to being a convenient short-cut, it is a means to get search engines to index the content of, for example, our [[SVN|Subversion]] repository.
# The shortcuts to DevelopSpace servers (dsorg, svn, and lists) are setup such that incoming links like http://wiki.developspace.net/svn:minmars and http://wiki.developspace.net/dsorg:about will forward to those respective sites. The other short-cuts don't work that way.

MediaWiki:Sitenotice

2025-06-14T17:35:00Z

DvlpSpc:

DevelopSpace is the process of migrating content to our new website at [[dsorg:|DevelopSpace.org]].

The content on this site is being preserved for historical purposes, however please visit our new site for the most up to date information.

MediaWiki:Sitenotice

2025-05-18T23:14:33Z

DvlpSpc:

DevelopSpace is the process of migrating content to our new website at [http://www.DevelopSpace.org DevelopSpace.org].

The content on this site is being preserved for historical purposes, however please visit our new site for the most up to date information.

MediaWiki:Sitenotice

2025-05-18T23:14:15Z

DvlpSpc: Created page with "DevelopSpace is the process of migrating content to our new website at [http://www.DevelopSpace.org DevelopSpace.org]. The content on this site is being preserved for historical purposes, however please visit our new site for the most up to date information."

DevelopSpace is the process of migrating content to our new website at [http://www.DevelopSpace.org DevelopSpace.org]. The content on this site is being preserved for historical purposes, however please visit our new site for the most up to date information.

MediaWiki:Sidebar

2025-04-26T22:34:21Z

DvlpSpc:

MediaWiki:Sidebar

2025-04-26T22:33:10Z

DvlpSpc:

DevelopSpace:About

2025-04-26T22:29:34Z

DvlpSpc:

DevelopSpace is an organization dedicated to enabling the human exploration and development of space through open colloboration and sharing of ideas, designs, models, and other information. Our current primary activities have evolved from the [[MinMars]] and are focused towards the development of [[Mars Surface]] systems. See our [[Projects]] page for a complete listing. All interested individuals are invited to participate and contribute.

DevelopSpace.net is hosted by Develop Space Initiative, Inc., a non-profit, 501(c)3 tax-exempt corporation. Donations are tax deductible in the United States. IRS EIN: 83-0480844.

To support us, you can donate to DevelopSpace online [https://www.paypal.com/cgi-bin/webscr?cmd=_s-xclick&hosted_button_id=HJZT7DT5GJ8UC via PayPal] or by sending us a check at the address below.
For information on additional ways to donate to DevelopSpace, or for questions or comments not covered elsewhere on this website, please contact [mailto:info@developspace.net info@developspace.net]

===Observations leading to the DevelopSpace concept===

The following observations were made prior to and during the formulation of the DevelopSpace concept; taken together, these observations provide motivation for the creation of DevelopSpace.

# There exist a number of technical, financial, and political barriers to human expansion into space.
# New and more fully developed technologies, systems, and tools will be of assistance in breaking down the technical barriers to the growing human exploration and settlement of space.
# Human expansion into space captivates a large number of people around the world, although many of them are not at present actively involved in making it happen.
# Many people around the world have skills relevant to advancing the human exploration and development of space, including a great many who are not currently involved in doing so.
# Significant activity is already underway around the world in government, academia, industry, and the non-profit sector towards advancing the human exploration and development of space, although frequently much work is duplicated or lacks adequate focus to make a true contribution.
# Information technologies are advancing rapidly and can enable space development-related collaboration and the sharing of models, tools, methods, results, designs, and other knowledge. Doing so will enable an individual or group to build upon earlier work more directly and will provide greater focus as to what work is worth engaging in.
# Having an opportunity to make a meaningful contribution towards space exploration and development provides an inspiration and incentive for individuals to learn the math, science, and engineering skills involved in so doing.
# Having a chance to be actively involved in space exploration and settlement activities makes one a greater supporter of such endeavors.
# Having a common, open source resource-base on which to draw will allow government, industry, and academia to focus on the truly innovative aspects of their endeavors, rather than having to recreate existing capabilities.

A more in-depth description of the motivation for DevelopSpace can be found in the paper "[[:Image:AIAA2007-OpeningSpaceforHumanity.pdf|Opening Space for Humanity - Applying Open Source Concepts to Human Space Activities]]". Notes from some early DevelopSpace meetings can be found [[MeetingNotes|here]].

===DevelopSpace Mailing Lists===

DevelopSpace maintains a mailman server to facilitate communication within projects and across DevelopSpace as a whole. Two lists of general interest are the [http://lists.developspace.net/listinfo.cgi/ds-news-developspace.net ds-news] low-volume announcement list and the [http://lists.developspace.net/listinfo.cgi/ds-discuss-developspace.net ds-discuss] higher volume discussion list. You can subscribe to ds-news by emailing [mailto:ds-news-subscribe@lists.developspace.net ds-news-subscribe@lists.developspace.net] and to ds-discuss by emailing [mailto:ds-discuss-subscribe@lists.developspace.net ds-discuss-subscribe@lists.developspace.net]

An index of all public DevelopSpace mailing lists, including project lists hosted by DevelopSpace, can be found [http://lists.developspace.net/ here].

If your project would like one or more mailing lists created for it, please notify [mailto:info@developspace.net info@developspace.net].

===Mailing Address===

Written correspondence and donations made out to DevelopSpace Initiative, Inc. may be mailed to us at:

DevelopSpace Initiative, Inc.
1535 East Los Ebanos Blvd,
Unit 5411
Brownsville, TX 78523